Phase I units

AP/Az)i Pressure drop in Phase i unit area of pipe... 

Early clinical studies are performed in cancer patients in hospitals instead of healthy volunteers, and in specialized Phase I units. Selection criteria for patients entered into cetuximab Phase I studies included various important factors such as disease state, life expectancy (>3 months), prior treatment, organ function, age, tumor type and target (i.e., EGFR expression). Therefore, pharmacokinetic (PK) data obtained from these individuals is confounded by numerous factors, a fact usually absent in conventional studies with tightly controlled, well-selected healthy subjects performed for non-oncologic drags. 

Phase I unit with number of beds available listed, where known. 

Setting up clinical studies is a lengthy process, as there are many documents to prepare [e.g. protocols and case report forms (CRFs)], study facilities to be assessed (e.g. study sites, CROs, clinical laboratories, phase I units), regulatory review to be considered and negotiations and agreements with study sites (e.g. contracts, finances, confidentiality, indemnity, insurance) to be undertaken. In addition, as will be dealt with in subsequent sections, ethical aspects of the study must be considered (e.g. ethics committee and IRB review and informed consent requirements), and study medications/devices must be organized. 

In 1995 SO2 emissions dropped dramatically. Phase I units emitted a total of only 4.9 million tons, a reduction of 4.6 million tons—3.2 million tons more than was required. In fact, SOj emissions started to decrease right... 

There are three options (or combinations of options) available to plants to comply with Title IV installing a scrubber, switching to low sulfur coal, or buying allowances. Our measure of SOj abatement cost (COST) is based on the method each plant actually used to comply with Title IV. Based on Eller-man et al. (1997) we have the total cost of abatement for each of the 374 Phase I units (plant-boiler observations) affected by Title IV. In 1995, the average cost per ton of switching and scrubbing is 153 and 265 respectively, while the average cost of a permit is 128.50."... 

Phase I units include all 263 Table A units plus 111 units that opted into Phase I—see section 5 Sample Coverage for details. 

Applicability. The final rule applies to existing coal-fired utility units subject to SOj emission limitations or reduction requirements under Phase I or Phase II of the Acid Rain Program pursuant to sections 404, 405, and 409 of the Act, including substitution units designated and approved as Phase I units in substitution plans that are in effect on January 1, 1995. The rule also applies to new coal-fired units that are affected units allocated allowances under section 405 of the CAA. 

While the above Title IV/Phase I units account for much of the FGD business for U.S. suppliers during this period, there were a significant number cf awards for new and retrofit FGD systems in Canada and overseas not included in the above list. 

Phase I units that comply with their SO2 limits by using scrubbers do not have to comply with their NO, limits until 1997. 

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