Phase diagram of the system

Figure 17.4 The phase diagrams of the systems (a) HF/H2O and (b) HCI/H2O. Note that for hydrofluoric acid all the solvates contain >1HF per H2O, whereas for hydrochloric acid they contain <1HC1 per H2O. This is because the H bonds F-H F and F-H O are stronger than O-H O, whereas C1-H---C1 and C1-H---0 are weaker than 0-H---0. Accordingly the solvates in the former system have the crystal structures [HsOJ+F , [H30]+[HF2] and [H30] [H3F4], whereas the latter are [H30]+C1 , [H502]" C1 and [H502]" CP. H2O. The structures of HCI.6H2O and the metastable HCI.4H2O are not known.

The black compound I7SO3F (mp 90.5°) was established as a local mp maximum in the phase diagram of the system I2/S2O6F2, together with the known compounds I3SO3F (mp 101.5°), ISO3F (mp 50.2°), and I(S03F)3 (mp 33.7°), but its structure has not been determined and there is at present no evidence for the presence of the discrete heptaatomic cation I7+ in the crystals. 

Fig. 4.2 Part of the phase diagram of the system praseodymium-iodine (Pr/I) the abscissa is drawn as molar fractions of Pr in Pr s. Reproduced from Ref [1].

Moreover, as a general behavior and indirect effect of solubilizate/micelle interactions, incorporation of additives influences the stability and the phase diagram of the system [48,119,124]. 

Figure 8.24 Phase diagram of the system [AuCI (CNQH4OC12H25)] (A) + [AuCI(CNQH4QH40Ci2H25)] (B), (Reproduced from Ref [46] by permission.)...

Figure 1. Phase diagrams of the systems M0-H20 (Adapted from ref. 1) and MO-DOPC-H20 (at 28 C, Adapted from ref. 2), respectively. G (gyroid) and D (diamond) are cubic phases with similar structures to the type shown schematically in the figure (Adapted from ref. 18).

Figure 4.7 (a) Phase diagram of the system KCl-NaCl. (b) Gibbs energy curves for the solid and liquid solutions KCl-NaCl at 1002 K. Thermodynamic data are taken from reference [5]. 

Figure 4.12 (a) Gibbs energy representation of the phases in the system Zr02-Ca0 at 1900 K. McaO - MzrO = TSZ n°t deluded for clarity, (b) Calculated phase diagram of the system Zr02 Ca0. Thermodynamic data are taken from reference [9]. 

Figure 4.14 Phase diagrams of the systems (a) Sn-Bi [13] and (b) Sn-Sb [14]. Reprinted from [12]. Copyright (1999), with permission from Elsevier.

Fig. 2.35 shows the equilibrium phase diagram of the system In-Pb (continuous lines) together with a metastable diagram. The procedure adopted in the determination of this phase diagram is briefly described here it may be useful as an example... 

Figure Z9. Phase diagram of the system NajO-BjOj-SiOj (Schnabel and Vaulont 1978).

Also, the phases formed in the course of discharge of an electrode with three or more components may be readily detected by reading the equilibrium cell voltage. As an example, the determination of the quite complex ternary phase diagram of the system Li-In-Sb is shown in Fig. 8.9. In this case, plateaux are observed in the presence of three-phase equilibria. In order to obtain the complete phase diagram it is necessary... 

Figure 13.4. Phase diagram of the system feldspar, a solid solution of albite (NaAlSisOg) and anorthite (CaAlSi20g). Data from Ref. 4.

Figure 13.6 is the phase diagram of the system Na-K at constant pressure, which is a system that exhibits limited solubility and the occurrence of a solid compound Na2K (P), which melts at 280.06 K to form a solid solution of composition rich in Na and liquid of composition H. 

Figure 3. Phase diagrams of the system water sodium dodecyl sulphate/alkanols benzene (a) ethanol (b) 2-propanol (c) 1-propanol(d) 1-butanol (e) 1-pentanol (f) 1-hexanol (g) 1-heptanol.

Figure 4. Phase diagrams of the system water benzene potassium oleate/an lic alcohols (a)...

The phase diagram of the system NaDDS+H20+n—Butanol+Toluene has... 

In a system of significant interest to the present works, Graillard, et al. [62] studied the ternary phase diagrams of the systems polybutadiene-styrene-polystyrene and polybutadiene-block-polystrene-styrene-polystyrene. They showed that the presence of block copolymer increased the miscibility of the two poljrmers, as the styrene component polymerized. Similar effects are probable in the IPN s, as compared with the corresponding blends. 

The phase diagram of the system PH3/BF3 indicates the presence of two compounds On treatment of PH3 with BF3 at -130 °C BF3-PH3 is formed which is probably converted to [PH3(BF2)]BF4 by the follow-... 

Corroborating this, only the products of the above reaction appear in the equilibrium phase diagram of the system at 30°.6 Decavanadate salts nevertheless occur naturally, and synthesized samples may be stored for years without change (see further under Properties). 

Fig. 2. Phase diagram of the system NaP03-Na4P207 according to Morey and Ingerson ( 03).

As well as the spinodal and binodal curves, the phase diagram of the system is characterized by the coordinates of the critical point. This is the single common point of intersection of the spinodal and binodal curves. 

Fig. 45. Phase diagram of the system water-monomeric surfactant (see Table 11, No. 3)...

These compounds differ from other surfactants in the pronounced sensitivity of their association structural organization to temperature. This characteristic feature was noted very early by Shinoda (3) with regard to their micellar association and solubilization. A corresponding sensitivity may also be observed in the strong dependence of the liquid crystalline regions in phase diagrams of the system water, surfactant, and hydrocarbon (4). 

The presence of a liquid crystalline phase at high surfactant concentrations has been shown by Shinoda (31), but the method of presentation renders the evaluation of the temperature dependence of necessary emulsifier concentrations to obtain the liquid crystalline phase difficult. Although several phase diagrams of the system (water, emulsifier, and nonionic surfactant) have been published (4, 45, 46, 47, 48), no results have been given on the relation between the surfactant phase and the lamellar liquid crystalline phase in these systems. 

In the development of a refractory brick many questions play an important part, such as Is the brick able to withstand the chemicals it will come into contact with and How temperature resistant is the brick In the aluminium production described above bricks come into contact with liquid aluminium at high temperatures. By means of the aluminium cup test you can determine whether or not this contact runs smoothly. A cylindrical cavity is drilled into the brick and filled with liquid aluminium. Next both components are allowed to interact. As you can see in the photographs the material in question is not suitable. The phase rule is an excellent aid in answering the second question, as can be concluded from the phase diagram of the system Si02 / A1203 in figure 11.3.3)... 

Figure 13. Phase diagram of the system (35) on the (to, H) plane obtained numerically for the parameter values T = 0.025, coo = 0.597, P = 1, y = 1. See text for a description of the symbols the various lines are guide to the eye. The working point P, with ay = 0.95, h = 0.13, shown by a thick plus, was chosen to lie in the region of coexistence of the period 1 stable limit cycle and of the strange attractor [168],...

Fig. 2.22. Phase diagram of the system H20-Ci2H2s0(CH2CH20)8H according to Shinoda98. A denotes a two phase area with two isotropic solutions in equilibrium, B a one phase area of an isotropic solution and LC liquid crystalline phases. (From Ref.1))...

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