Phase diagram of carbon

Figure 8.4 Phase diagram of carbon showing regions of importance for the production of synthetic diamond. ...

FIGURE 14.31 The phase diagram of carbon, showing the regions of phase stability. 

Figure 5.4 The phase diagram of carbon showing the two solid-state extremes of diamond and graphite. Graphite is the thermodynamically stable form of carbon at room temperature and pressure, but the rate of the transition C iamond) — C aphite) is virtually infinitesimal...

Figure 5.5 Phase diagram of a system that sublimes at room temperature phase diagram of carbon dioxide. (Note that the y-axis here is logarithmic)...

For carbon, the diamond-type structure is metastable at room conditions it is stable at high pressure. See the phase diagram of carbon shown in Fig. 5.37. 

V. T. Lieu, Simple Experiment for Demonstration of Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide, J. Chem. Ed. 1996, 73, 837. 

Stephen J. Hawkes, "A Simple Experiment for the Demonstration of the Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide," ]. Chem. Educ., Vol. 73,1996,837-838. 

Shown is the sketch of the phase diagram of carbon. For the phase change from graphite to liquid carbon along the line PQ, choose the correct... 

The low-pressure phase diagram of carbon dioxide, shown in Fig. 10, is different from that of water in a number of respects. Carbon dioxide sublimates at l.Oatm, leading to solid C02 being called dry ice. The triple point is at 5.1 atm... 

Figure 7 (a) Phase diagram of carbon. (Reproduced by permission ofElsevier from F.P. Bundy, P/ty /ca, 1989, A156,169) (b) Aportion of the phase diagram including the melting line of pure Ni, the Ni-graphite eutectic, and the diamond synthesis zone. (Reproduced by permission of Decker from F.P. Bimdy. )... 

The phase diagram of carbon dioxide is shown in figure 1.14.3. From this diagram, we see that at one atmosphere of pressure, carbon dioxide, CO2, is solid only at very low temperatures, and at any temperature above -109.3°F (-78.5°C) it is in the gas phase. So as solid carbon dioxide warms at one atmosphere, it turns... 

Figure 1. Schematic phase diagram of carbon dioxide and views of the transition at the critical point in a window-equipped high-pressure reactor 10 bar = 1 MPa.

Figure 11. Phase diagram of carbon disulfide, showing several reaction zones at high pressures and temperatures. The pressure-temperature conditions of various shock wave experiments are also reproduced to highlight the similarity observed in reaction products between shock and static high-pressure experiments.

Many materials produce large quantities of solid products upon detonation. The most common solid detonation product is carbon, although some explosives produce aluminum and aluminum oxide [105]. Uncertainties in the equation of state and phase diagram of carbon remain a major issue in the thermochemical modeling of detonation, van Thiel and Ree have proposed an accurate Mie-Gruneisen equation of state for carbon [106]. Fried and Howard... 

The phase diagram of carbon dioxide (Figure 11.41) is generally similar to that of water, with one important exception—the slope of the curve between solid and liquid is positive. In fact, this holds true for almost all other substances. Water behaves differently because ice is less dense than liquid water. The triple point of carbon dioxide is at 5.2 atm and -5TC. 

Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon. Figure 21.4 shows the phase diagram of carbon. Although graphite is the stable form of carbon at 1 atm and 25°C, owners of diamond jewelry need not be alarmed, for the rate of the spontaneous process... 

The van der Waals approximation discussed in Section LA applies the mean field approximation in the solid phase in the same way as in the fluid phase. Baus and co-workers [150,151] have recently presented an alternative formulation in which the localization of the molecules in the solid phase is taken into account. They have applied this to the understanding of trends in the phase diagrams of systems of hard spheres with attractive tails as the range of attractions is changed. For the mean field term in the solid phase they use the static lattice energy for the given interaction potential and crystal lattice. A similar approach was used earlier to incorporate quad-rupole-quadrupole interactions into a van der Waals theory calculation of the phase diagram of carbon dioxide [152]. 

By now, the phase diagram of carbon has grown out to be rather complex, with a multitude of aUotrope modifications which in their turn are surrounded by additional high-pressure and high-temperature phases. All of them have distinct, and in parts even opposite properties, which put carbon among the most versatile and many-sided of elements in materials science. 

The phase diagram of carbon considerably gained complexity by inclusion of the fullerenes. These are situated close to the graphitic region, with some... 

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