Pharmacological effects, unwanted

Qualitative difference in pharmacological effect Opposite enantiomer may cause unwanted effects... 

Synergy of unwanted pharmacological effect ginseng and its products will inhibit the central nervous system (CNS) when they are applied with luminal, chloral hydrate, or ephedrine, which can increase the release of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin in the CNS thus inducing a hypertensive crisis if monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are given simultaneously. 

Safety variables are broadly of two kinds those related to the unwanted pharmacological effects of the drug and those that are unpredictable. 

There are undesirable and unavoidable pharmacological effect of the drug, which occur at therapeutic dose. These unwanted effects of many drugs are based on their pharmacological actions. Some important examples are ... 

The objectives of preclinical testing to support development of new medicines are to detect and characterize unwanted actions, whether inherently toxic or secondary to pharmacological effects of the substance and its pharmacokinetics, to exclude predicted harmful effects, and as far as possible to reveal other, potentially valuable actions. All this must be done in such a way that the results are both scientifically and administratively useful, as GLP and GMP considerations are essential, and the duration and costs of the of the studies are minimized. In this way the necessary resources of scientists, experimental animals, and laboratory facilities can be minimized in order to make the development of products to treat sick patients as efficient, humane, speedy, and economical as possible. 

These adverse drug reactions are generally dose-related and most can be predicted. They can be caused by an exaggeration of a drug s intended pharmacological effect or by an unwanted action or side effect. Type A adverse reactions are most likely to occur with drugs that have a steep dose-response curve (see Figure 3.1) and/or small therapeutic ratio (TR). 

Adverse drug reactions. Proven unwanted side-effects due to treatment with a drug. They are conventionally classified into two sorts. Type A, which are due to a predictable pharmacological effect of the drug and are usually dose-dependent, and Type B, which are unpredictable (perhaps allergic) and are usually more serious and rarer. 

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