Action unwanted

Each employer must address what actions employees are to take when there is an unwanted release of highly hazardous chemicals. Emergency preparedness is the employer s third line of defense that will be relied on along with the second line of defense, which is to control the release of chemicals. Control releases and emergency preparedness will take place when the first line of defense to operate and maintain the process and contain the chemicals fails to stop the release. In preparing for an emergency chemical release, employers will need to decide the following ... 

Employers, at a minimum, must have an emergency action plan that will facilitate the prompt evacuation of employees when there is an unwanted release of a highly hazardous chemical. This means that the employer s plan will be activated by an alarm system to alert employees when to evacuate, and that employees who are physically impaired will have the necessary support and assistance to get them to a safe zone. The intent of these requirements is to alert and move employees quickly to a safe zone. The use of process control centers or buildings as safe areas is discouraged. Recent catastrophes indicate that lives are lost in these structures because of their location and because they are not necessarily designed to withstand over-pressures from shock waves resulting from explosions in the process area. 

Wlien there are unwanted incidental releases of highly hazardous chemicals in the process area, the employer must inform employees of the actions/procedures to take. If the employer wants employees to evacuate the area, then the emergency action plan will be activated. Eor outdoor processes, where wind direction is important for selecting the safe route to a refuge area, the employers should place a wind direction indicator, such as a wind sock or pennant, at the highest point visible... 

Policies enable managers to determine whether a subordinate s action or decision was simply poor judgement or an infringement of the rules. If no rule exists, subordinates cannot be criticized for using their judgement, however poorly it is used. If a rule exists, one has to establish whether it was accidentally or deliberately broken, for the latter is a disciplinary offence. Without written policy no one knows where they stand and any decision may create an unwanted precedent. 

The analysis of performance provides a powerful technique for identifying potential for improvement. As discussed in the previous chapter, trends can be spotted and action taken to identify and correct any unwanted development. Additionally, analysis of data can help with the identification of underlying problems. For example, a higher than average number of eye injuries at a particular facility might justify further investigation. 

An important task remaining is the stereocontrolled introduction of a methyl group at C-8. When a cold (-78 °C) solution of 14 in THF is treated successively with LDA and methyl iodide and then warmed to -45 °C, intermediate 24 admixed with minor amounts of the C-8 epimer is formed in a yield of 95 %. The action of LDA on 14 generates a lactone enolate which is alkylated on carbon in a diastereoselective fashion with methyl iodide to give 24. It is of no consequence that 24 is contaminated with small amounts of the unwanted C-8 epimer because hydrolysis of the mixture with lithium hydroxide affords, after Jones oxidation of the secondary alcohol, a single keto acid (13) in an overall yield of 80%. Apparently, the undesired diastereoisomer is epimerized to the desired one under the basic conditions of the saponification step. 

In some cases the unwanted enantiomer can perturb other biological processes and cause catastrophic side effects. The use of enantiomerically pure compounds thus permits more specific drug action and the reduction in the amount of drug administered. Even in the cases where the other enantiomer is inactive, the work involved in its metabolism before secretion can be avoided. 

All drugs, in addition to their therapeutic effects, have the potential to do harm, i.e. to cause adverse/unwanted reactions (side effects). These may or may not be related to the principal pharmacological action of the drug. Examples of the second category are toxic effects of metabolites of a drug or immunological reactions. 

Emetogenic drugs may be of value in treating cases of acute poisoning but usually nausea and vomiting induced by a drag are unwanted effects occurring in addition to its therapeutic action. 

Catalyst films used in electrochemical promotion (NEMCA) studies are usually prepared by using commercial metal pastes. Unfluxed pastes should be used, as fluxes may introduce unwanted side reactions or block electrocatalytic and catalytic sites. This action may obscure or even totally inhibit the electrochemical promotion effect. 

The best-understood sites of action of morphine are at spinal and brainstem/ midbrain loci, producing both the wanted and unwanted effects of the opioid. The spinal actions of opioids and their mechanisms of analgesia involve (1) reduced transmitter release from nociceptive C-fibres so that spinal neurons are less excited by incoming painful messages, and (2) postsynaptic inhibitions of neurons conveying information from the spinal cord to the brain. This dual action of opioids can result in a... 

The relative extent of the unwanted effects caused by selective agonists at the different opioid receptors is of great importance in determining if non-mu opioids will have better spectra of actions as compared to morphine. However, there are good indications that the kappa and delta receptor agonists cause less respiratory depression than mu... 

The fact that spent fuel reprocessing and recycle are essential components ofgood nuclear non-proliferation and radioactive waste management practices. These actions are needed so that more efficient use can be made offissionablc materials, and unwanted radioactive fission products can be disposed of without need for permanent safeguards. In addition, potential weapons usable materials are destroyed through beneficial use. 

Another negative consequence of pesticide use is that special means must be used to protect harvests from unwanted pesticide actions adsorbents, plant antidotes, microbiological detoxification means, etc. This does not only make agricultural production more expensive, but also increases the agricultural environment s exposure to chemicals, an altogether more serious consideration [3]. 

The vacuum extruder was developed to eliminate unwanted gases from rubber compounds, so that the profiles produced from rubber stocks could be vulcanised at atmospheric pressure without problems of porosity occurring. Removal of the volatiles is achieved in principle by combining the actions of two individual machines in series, into one machine. The first part of the extruder screw... 

In a modem laboratory, automatic sensors are often used to detect unwanted changes in laboratory conditions and warn laboratory staff. Basic laboratory conditions, such as temperature, humidity and particulates, can all be monitored continuously using sensors. The results can either be fed to chart recorders, or into computer-controlled laboratory management systems, which can take corrective action or sound alarms in the event of the limit for a particular condition being exceeded. 

Dopamine receptor blocking agents. Many of the neuroleptics used in the treatment of schizophrenia frequently produce parkinsonian symptoms as unwanted effects. Neuroleptics block dopamine receptors and their therapeutic effect seems to be related to this action. Although these drugs act on DA systems without distinction, some are more selective. Thioridazine, clozapine and molindone, for example, have electrophysiological effects in the limbic region of the brain but little action in the nigro-striatal area. This selectivity may be related to receptor subtype specificity (see Chs 12 and 54). 

---