Pharmacodynamics fentanyl

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Kazama T, Ikeda K, Morita K. The pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and fentanyl with respect to the suppression of somatic or hemodynamic responses to skin incision, peritoneum incision, and abdominal wall retraction. Anesthesiology 1998 89(4) 894-906. 

Wierda JM, Kleef UW, Lambalk LM, Kloppenburg WD, Agoston S. The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Org 9426, a new non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, in patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide, halothane and fentanyl. Can J Anaesth 1991 38(4 Pt l) 430-5. 

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Ibrahim AE, Feldman J, Karim A, Kharasch ED. Simultaneous assessment of drug interactions with low- and high-extraction opioids. Application to parecoxib effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Anesthesiology (2003) 98,853-61. 

Elkiweri lA, Zhang YL, Christians Uwe, Ng K-Y, van Patot MCT, and Henthorn TK (2009) Competitive substrates for P-Glycoprotein and organic anion protein transporters differentially reduce blood organ transport of fentanyl and loperamide Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in Sprague-Dawley rats. Anesth Analg 108 146-159. 

Response surface modelling studies The interaction between sevoflmane, 66vol% nitrous oxide and opioids is mathematically modelled using historical pharmacodynamic data [14 ] on the motor and haemodynamic response to abdominal skin incision [15 ]. The influence of 66 vol% nitrous oxide was best described by an additive effect corresponding to 0.27 ng/mL fentanyl and to 0.54 vol% sevoflurane. 

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