Pharmaceutical industry, high-performance

Functional biaryl derivatives are important industrial chemicals. They are used as monomers for the production of high performance and other polymers, as well as dyes, pharmaceuticals and agrochemical intermediates. We have developed an improved method for the dehalogeno-dimerization of aryl bromides to yield biaryl derivatives under mild conditions (temperature < 100°C, atmospheric pressure) using a common base, a 5 % Pd/C catalyst (0.1 - 10 % w/w, based on the starting material) in an aqueous medium and formyl hydrazine as the reducing agent. Several examples of biaryl derivatives are discussed. 

Biaryl derivatives bearing reactive groups have become increasingly important in industry. Uses for this class of compounds are constantly being developed in the production of high performance polymers. Materials such as 3,3, 4,4 -biphenyl-tetracarboxylic dianhydride 1 and 4,4 -biphenol 2 are monomers employed in the manufacture of high performance polyimides or polyesters. Applications for this family of molecules have also been found both in the dye industry and in the pharmaceutical industry. 

The following are specific guiding principles for SAS programming in the pharmaceutical industry. These are high-level concepts that you should keep in mind while performing any of a broad range of tasks. 

Alicyclic amines are used as pesticides, plasticizers, explosives, inhibitors of metal corrosion and sweetening agents as well as having uses in the pharmaceuticals industry. Aniline hydrogenation has been studied in the literature with the main reaction products cyclohexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, A-phenylcyclohexylamine, diphenylamine, ammonia, benzene, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone [1-9], The products formed depend on the catalyst used, reaction temperature, solvent and whether the reaction is performed in gas or liquid phase. For example high temperature, gas-phase aniline hydrogenation over Rh/Al203 produced cyclohexylamine and dicyclohexylamine as the main products [1],... 

With capillary electrophoresis (CE), another modern primarily analytically oriented separation methodology has recently found its way into routine and research laboratories of the pharmaceutical industries. As the most beneficial characteristics over HPLC separations the extremely high efficiency leading to enhanced peak capacities and often better detectability of minor impurities, complementary selectivity profiles to HPLC due to a different separation mechanism as well as the capability to perform separations faster than by HPLC are frequently encountered as the most prominent advantages. On the negative side, there have to be mentioned detection sensitivity limitations due to the short path length of on-capillary UV detection, less robust methods, and occasionally problems with run-to-run repeatability. Nevertheless, CE assays have now been adopted by industrial labs as well and this holds in particular for enantiomer separations of chiral pharmaceuticals. While native cyclodextrins and their derivatives, respectively, are commonly employed as chiral additives to the BGEs to create mobility differences for the distinct enantiomers in the electric field, it could be demonstrated that cinchona alkaloids [128-130] and in particular their derivatives are applicable selectors for CE enantiomer separation of chiral acids [19,66,119,131-136]. 

Barker, W.G. Stumpf, H.R. Schwarz, D. Unconventional high performance activated sludge treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. Proceedings of the 28th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1973. 

Several technology leaps have taken place in separation sciences during the lifetime of the pharmaceutical industry. The development of chromatography at the end of the nineteenth century was the first of these revolutions and its transformation into thin-layer chromatography (TLC) provided the mainstay for quantitative analysis well into the second half of the twentieth century. With the development of gas chromatography (GC) after World War II and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) two decades later, the age of fully instrumented separation science had arrived. 

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