Polymerization phantom

Vinyl cyclohexane and other similar monomers give analogous phantom polymers under similar conditions, and the reaction has been explored in great detail by Kennedy and his collaborators [9f, 74]. The occurrence of such relatively fast isomerizations makes it appear very likely that in these polymerizations the propagating species is a cation. 

Let s introduce the screen cubic t/-measured space containing of m intertwining between themselves uniform polymeric stars. Let s separate from them any imdelined star, and in it - any undefined pair of rays, forming the linear chain by 2 1ength. Its phantom Gaussian walks are ordered to the same distribution law (Eq. 13) with the same normalization condition (Eq. 10). 

Growing macrocations can rearrange to more stable structures when structural requirements for this are met and the lifetimes of the individual macrocations are relatively long. The monomeric unit isomerizes by intramolecular reaction under these conditions. Since the monomeric units of the polymer produced can often not be produced by existing monomers, these polymerizations are called phantom or exotic polymerizations. They can proceed by ring isomerization or by material transport. ... 

Other monomers which were found to respond positively to anionic polymerization were the 2-furfurylidene ketones, which gave phantom polymers following a propagation mechanism involving the isomerization of the active species before each addition step [4d, 4e]. 

Intramolecular transfer reactions are possible with cationic polymerizations. This leads to an isomerization of the monomeric unit. Since the monomeric unit of the resulting polymer often cannot be produced by polymerization of the monomer or unimer of this polymer, reactions of this type are also referred to as phantom or exotic polymerizations. At low temperatures, the isomerization polymerization is preferred to normal propagation, and here two types can occur. An isomerization of bonds occurs in the transannular polymerization of norbornadiene ... 

The Vc and Me values for crosslinked polymer networks can also be evaluated from stress-strain diagrams on the basis of theories for the rubber elasticity of polymeric networks. In the relaxed state the polymer chains of an elastomer form random coils. On extension, the chains are stretched out, and their conformational entropy is reduced. When the stress is released, this reduced entropy makes the long polymer chains snap back into their original positions entropy elasticity). Classical statistical models of entropy elasticity affine or phantom network model [39]) derive the following simple relation for the experimentally measured stress cr ... 

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