Phane nomenclature

Phane nomenclature Part 1 Phane parent names, Pure Appl. Chem. 70,1513— 1545 (1998) deutsche Ausgabe Karl-Heinz Hellwich Phannomenklatur Teil I Phanstammnamen, Angew. Chem. 118(23), 3967-3984 (2006)... 

Phane nomenclature. Part II. Modification of the degree of hydrogenation and substitution derivatives of phane parent hydrides (IUPAC Recommendations, 2002) 02PAC809. 

Powell, W. H., Phane nomenclature. Part I phane parent names , Pure Appl. Chem., 1998, 70, 1513-1545, and Favre, H. A., Hellwinkel, D., Powell, W. H., Smith, H. A., Tsay, S. S. C., Phane nomenclature. Part II. Modification of the degree of hydrogenation and substitution derivatives of phane parent hydrides -(lUPAC Recommendations 2002). Pure and Applied Chemistry 2002, 74, 809-834. online http //www.chem. qmul.ac.uk/iupac/phane and http //www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/phane2 (Accessed October 2007)... 

Powell, W.H. Phane nomenclature—Part I Phane parent names. Pure Appl. Chem. 1998. 70 (8). 1513-1545. See also http //www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/phane (accessed July 2003). 

To close this chapter and in anticipation of subsequent discussions it should be kept in mind that the new assembly names obtained along the lines of phane nomenclature can now be used as parent names for the multifarious ways of substitution by functional groups in the same way as the more conventional parent names of old. 

The nomenclature of phanes is simple 32) It mainly defines the length(s) of the bridge(s) and their positions in the ring as illustrated by the following examples [6]para-cyclophane (2) 1,10-dioxa [10]paracyclophane (6), [2.2]paracyclophane (7), [2.2]meta-(8) and [2.2]metaparacyclophane (9) and [8](2,5)pyridinophane (70). The formulae show also the kind of projection used in this survey to illustrate stereochemical relations. 

For this review, heterophanes are considered to contain one or more heteroaromatic ring(s) bridged by a non-aromatic chain of atoms. Although a certain arbitrariness identifies (1) but not (2), as a heterophane, this definition focuses attention on the chemistry appropriate for this review and makes the volume of literature to be reviewed more manageable. Different nomenclature approaches for heterophanes have been proposed (70T5847,72T5183, 72TL2109) as alternatives for the currently accepted, complex IUPAC or Chemical Abstracts names, which actually obscure the phane structural element in these compounds. A proposal... 

The scope of this problem can be indicated by a brief consideration of the stereochemical nomenclature of hydroxy derivatives of the bicyclic terpenes. For the parent bicyclic hydrocarbon compound known in the literature at present as cam-phane, the name "bomane is recommended in this report. (Reasons for choosing "bornane are discussed later under "The Bornane Hydrocarbons .) A mono-hydroxy derivative of bornane, on the basis of IUPAC rules (41), would be named as a bornanol. Two such derivatives have the common terpene names, bomeol and isobomeol these names, on the basis of recommendations in this report would both become 2-bornanol. Obviously, this is inadequate and additional designations are necessary to distinguish between die two stereoisomers. 

The formylated ferrocene 108 reacts with 109 to give the aldol-condensation product 110 (Fig. 24) [18] the bridged Cp-rings possess phane structures itself, but the nomenclature refers to the bridged ferrocene nucleus [13, 33]. The ketone function can be reduced first, followed by hydrogenation of the C-C-double bond or vice versa to give 111 (Fig. 24) [18]. 

Flere we present the anti-leishmanial activity of a set of S3nnmetrical bis-p3rridinium compounds with cyclic or acyclic structures. Both t)rpes of compoimds can be named according to the lUPAC nomenclature for phanes, a method based on assembling names that describe component parts of a complex structure. 

Often symmetry operations cannot be used in a simple way to classify chiral forms because, e.g., the molecule consists of a number of conformations. Therefore, independent of the symmetry considerations, a chemical approach to describe chiral molecules has been introduced by the use of structural elements such as chiral centers, chiral axis, and chiral planes. Examples for a chiral center are the asymmetric carbon atom, i.e., a carbon atom with four different substituents or the asymmetric nitrogen atom where a free electron pair can be one of the four different substituents. A chiral axis exists with a biphenyl (Figure 3.2) and chiral planes are found with cyclo-phane structures [17]. Chiral elements were introduced originally to classify the absolute configuration of molecules within the R, S nomenclature [16]. In cases where the molecules are chiral as a whole, so-called inherent dissymmetric molecules, special names have often been introduced atropiso-mers, i.e., molecules with hindered rotation about a helical molecules [18], calixarenes, cyclophanes [17], dendrimers [19], and others [20]. 

Initially, the phane concept was intended solely for supercyclic systems, namely, cyclophanes. During elaboration of the new all-encompassing cyclophane nomenclature it became more and more obvious that its basic principles apply equally well to extended linear assemblies of chain and ring segments. Such superchains can then be treated exactly like cyclophanes, except that their names end with the morpheme... phane after the numerical term denoting the length of the superchain. 

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