Period 4 transition metals

Look up the values for the atomic radii for the first-row (Period 4) transition metals in Appendix 2D. Explain the trends that are observed as one goes from left to right along the period. 

Figure 22.2 The Period 4 transition metals. Samples of all ten elements appear as pure metals, in chunk or pow der form, in periodic-tabie order on this and the facing page.

Oxidation States and d-Orbital Occupancy of the Period 4 Transition Metals ... 

Table 22.3 shows the standard electrode potentials of the Period 4 transition metals in their -1-2 oxidation state in acid solution. Note that, in general, reducing strength decreases across the series. All the Period 4 transition metals, except copper, are active enough to reduce from aqueous acid to form hydrogen gas. In contrast to the rapid reaction at room temperature of the Group 1A(1) and 2A(2) metals with water, however, the transition metals have an oxide coating that allows rapid reaction only with hot water or steam. 

Figure 22.6 Colors of representative compounds of the Period 4 transition metals. Staggered from left to right, the compounds are scandium oxide white), titanium(IV) oxide (white), vanadyl sulfate dIhydrate (light blue), sodium chromate (yellow), manganese(ll) chlo-...

Distillation is one method that can he used to separate a specific metal from a mixture of other elements. Distillation involves raising the temperature of a mixture until one of its components turns into a gas and then cooling the gas to recover that component as a liquid or solid. If there were a mixture containing all of the period 4 transition metals, which metal would be easiest to separate by distillation Explain your reasoning. (Hint Use a reference such as the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics to find the boiling points of these metals.)... 

A FIGURE 23.4 Nonzero oxidation states of the period 4 transition metals. 

FIGURE 23.4 shows the common nonzero oxidation states for the period 4 transition metals. The +2 oxidation state, which is common for most transition metals, is due to the loss of the two outer 4s electrons. This oxidation state is found for all these elements except Sc, where the 3-b ion with an [Ar] configuration is particularly stable. 

Among the period 4 transition metals (Sc-Zn), which elements do not form ions where there are partially filled 3d orbitals ... 

Atomic Number - 22 Atomic Mass - 47.90 Group - 4 Period - 4 Transition Metal... 

A crossover in sublevel energy results the 3d becomes more stable than the As in the transition series (Figure 8.18). This crossover has a major effect on the formation of Period 4 transition metal ions because the 3d electrons are held tightly and shield those in the outer sublevel, the 4s electrons of a transition metal are lost before the 3d electrons. Thus, As electrons are added before 3d electrons to form the atom and are lost before them to form the ion, the so-called first-in, first-out rule. 

Most Period 4 transition metals are active enough to reduce H ion from acid solution. 

Period 4 transition metals, atomic properties Figure 22.3, p. 739... 

Period 4 transition metals, oxidation states Table 22.2, p. 741... 

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