Perfluorinated proton exchange

Biichi, F. N., Wakizoe, M. and Srinivasan, S. 1996. Microelectrode investigation of oxygen permeation in perfluorinated proton exchange membranes with different equivalent weights. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 143 927-932. 

FIG U RE 5.22 NMR cryoporometric melting curves for the specific pore volume related to the corresponding radius R. (Adapted from von Kraemer, S., Sagidullin, A.I., Lindbergh, G., Furo, 1., Persson, E., and Jannasch, P. Pore size distribntion and water nptake in hydrocarbon and perfluorinated proton-exchange membranes as studied by NMR cryoporometry. Fuel Cells. 2008. 8. 262-269. Copyright 2008 WUey-VCH... 

Ramaswamy, N., Hakim, N. and Mukeijee, S. Degradation mechanism study of perfluorinated proton exchange membrane under fuel cell operating conditions . 

Xie, T., Hayden, C., Olson, K. and Healy, J. 2005. Chemical degradation mechanism of perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomer. In Advances in materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems, Pacific Grove, CA, Feb. 20-23, abstract 24. 

Eisman, G. A. 1990. The applications of Dow GhemicaTs perfluorinated membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources 29 389-398. 

Using proton exchange membranes as electrolytes that are quasi-solid may cause a problem with respect to the perfect wetting of the catalyst particles. In spite of this (initial) difficulty of developing solid polymer membrane fuel cells, water-swollen perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymers such as the commercial Nation have been used for fuel cells very early since they offer the following advantages ... 

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEMFC) These cells use a perfluorinated ionomer polymer membrane which passes protons from the anode and cathode. They operate at about 80 °C. These are being developed for use in transport applications and for portable and small fuel cells. 

In 2003, Watanabe reported the development of proton-conducting Brpnsted acid-base ILs [32], With the help of the PSE pulse sequence they could demonstrate fast proton-exchange processes between protonated imidazolium cations and imidazole. Recently, Judeinstein also published two papers on the investigation of proton-conducting ILs, here based on amines and perfluorinated acids [33,34], With a combination of diffusion NMR and varios NMR correlation methods, interionic spatial correlations have been obtained. Additionally, three different types of ion association were found for three different ILs (a) mostly associated ion-pairs, (b) dissociated ions and (c) fully dissociated protons (Fig. 4). 

G. Zundel, Hydrate structures, intermolecular interactions and proton conducting mechanism in polyelectrolyte membranes - infrared results, J. Membr. Sci., 1982, 11, 249-274 C. Heitner-Wirguin, Infra-red spectra of perfluorinated cation-exchange membranes, Polym., 1979, 20, 371-374 L.Y. Levy, A. Jenard and H.D. Hurwitz, Infrared investigation of ionic hydration in ion-exchange membranes. Part 1. Alkaline salts of grafted polystyrene sulphonic acid membranes, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 

G.A. Eisman, The application of Dow Chemical s perfluorinated membrane in proton-exchange fuel cell, J. Power Sources, 1990, 29, 389-398. 

Ghielmi, A., Vaccarono, P., Troglia, C., and Arcella, V. (2005) Proton exchange membranes based upon the short-side-chain perfluorinated ionomer. J. Power Sources, 145, 108-115. 

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are used in fuel cells to ensure transport of protons between the anode and the cathode. The perfluorinated polymer Nation (from DuPont) is extensively used as a PEM. This copolymer possesses a Pi EE backbone and randomly distributed fluorinated ether side-chains each terminated with... 

Arico AS, Baglio V, Di Blasi A et al (2006) Proton exchange membranes based on the short-side-chain perfluorinated ionomer for high temperature direct methanol fuel cells. Desalination 199 271-273... 

FIG U RE 2.2 Chemical structures of perfluorinated ionomers with sulfonic acid (la = Nafion, Flemion lb = Aciplex 2a = Dow, Hyflon Ion 2b = 3M 2c = Asahi Kasei 3 = Asahi Glass) and bis[(perfluoro)alkyl sulfonyl] groups (4). (Reprinted with permission from Peckham, T. J., Yang, Y, and Holdcroft, S. et al., Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Materials, Properties and Performance, Wilkinson, D. P. et al., Eds., Figure 3.16, 138, 2010, CRC Press, Boca Raton. Copyright (2010) CRC Press.)... 

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