Percolation schematic

Fig. 2.9.3 Proton spin density diffusometry in a two-dimensional percolation model object [31]. The object was initially filled with heavy water and then brought into contact with an H2O gel reservoir, (a) Schematic drawing ofthe experimental set-up. The pore space is represented in white, (b) Maps ofthe proton spin density that were recorded after diffusion times t varying from 1.5 to 116 h. Projections of the...

Fig. 11.4. Schematic sketch of granular metal structure depending on metal volume fraction a. Volume fraction corresponding to the percolation threshold is denoted as xc.

Fig. 7.2. Schematic representation of the forward reactions (steps 1-4, indicated by plain arrows) and recombination routes (steps 5-7, indicated by dotted arrows) taking place in the nc-DSC. (1) Optical excitation of the sensitizer. (2) Electron injection from the excited sensitizer (S ) to the conduction band of Ti02. (3) Electron percolation through the network of Ti02 particles. (4) regeneration of the oxidized sensitizer (S+) by iodide (I ). (5) Deactivation of the excited state of the sensitizer (S ). (6) Recombination of injected electrons with oxidised sensitizer (S+). (7) Recombination of conduction band electrons with triiodide (Ig ) in the electrolyte. Al/max is the maximum voltage that can be generated under illumination and corresponds to the difference between the Fermi level of the conduction band of TiC>2 under illumination and the electrochemical potential of the electrolyte...

Figure 7. The percolation behavior in AOT-water-decane microemulsion (17.5 21.3 61.2 vol%) is manifested by the temperature dependences of the static dielectric permittivity es (A left axis) and conductivity r (Q right axis). Toa is the temperature of the percolation onset Tp is the temperature of the percolation threshold. Insets are schematic presentations of the microemulsion structure far below percolation and at the percolation onset. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 149. Copyright 1998, Elsevier Science B.V.)...

Figure 29. The schematic presentation of the percolation pass in porous glasses (a) The glass whose porous are filled with second silica (b) The porous glasses where the silica gel is leached out.

FIGURE 12.6 Schematic diagram of an aggregated colloidal suspension showing a bridging network at gelation. The volume fraction of particles at which this bridging network is formed is referred to as the percolation limit. 

Fig. 36. Percolation curves for carbon-blackfilled polypropylene Novolen 1120 HX, showing dependence of the logarithm of the resistivity p on the c.b. concentration O, Corax L, untreated , Corax L, emeiified , Ketjen Black, Untreated , Ketjen Black, emerified. The configuration of the electrodes is shown schematically in the insert.

Figure 14. The percolation clusters (a) Isolated cluster, (b) Infinite cluster (schematic).

Figure 15. Composition dependence of the correlation length near the percolation threshold (schematic).

Fig. 2 Basic schematic of a wet scrubber column. Absorbent slurry percolates down through the packing, while the flue gases flow upward. The most common absorbents for sulfur oxides are limestone (calcium carbonate), lime (calcium hydroxide), and magnesium-enhanced lime made from dolomite. The sulfur-bearing sludge for some scrubbers is market-grade gypsum, but for other scrubbers it is a waste product that must be landfilled.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of percolation transition of transport property and its use on thermoelectric composite material.

Fig. 26 Differences in the chlorobenzene (a) and toluene (b) based MDMO-PPV PCBM blend film morphologies are shown schematically. In a both the polymer nanospheres and the fullerene phase offer percolated pathways for the transport of holes and electrons, respectively. In b electrons and holes suffer recombination, as the percolation is not sufficient. (Reprinted from [61], 2005, with permission from Elsevier)...

Figure 13.12. Schematic illustration of the shear viscosity r and the equilibrium shear modulus G as functions of the particle volume fraction <1>. Note that r —as <1> approaches the viscosity percolation threshold from below, while the onset of a nonzero G (indicative of the onset of true solid-like rigidity) occurs immediately above d>. ...

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