Percentage transferring saturation

Both substrate and product have suface-active properties and favor mass transfer across the liquid-liquid interface. Their physicochemical properties modulate the behavior of the reaction in the heterogeneous system. Saturating substrate concentration in the aqueous phase (L aq) was not constant. It increased when using a high initial concentration of LA LA and when the HP concentration increased. The percentage of transferred LA T = LA qlLAf) depended on LA, and HP concentrations ... 

In contrast with these results, catalytic cracking yields a much higher percentage of branched hydrocarbons. For example, the catalytic cracking of cetane yields 50-60 mol of isobutane and isobutylene per 100 mol of paraffin cracked. Alkenes crack more easily in catalytic cracking than do saturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons tend to crack near the center of the chain. Rapid carbon-carbon double-bond migration, hydrogen transfer to trisubstituted olefinic bonds, and extensive isomerization are characteristic.52 These features are in accord with a carbo-cationic mechanism initiated by hydride abstraction.43,55-62 Hydride is abstracted by the acidic centers of the silica-alumina catalysts or by already formed carbocations ... 

A gas stream containing n-hexane in nitrogen with a relative saturation of 90% is fed to a condenser at 75°C and 3.0 atm absolute. The product gas emerges at 0°C and 3.0 atm at a rate of 746.7 m /h. Calculate the percentage condensation of hexane (moles condensed/mole fed) and the rate (kW) at which heat must be transferred from the condenser. 

Thiamine absorption occurs primarily in the proximal small intestine by both a saturable (thiamine transporter) process at low concentration (Ipmol/L, or lower) and by simple passive diffusion beyond that, though percentage absorption diminishes with increased dose. The absorbed thiamine undergoes intracellular phosphorylation, mainly to the pyrophosphate, but at the serosal side 90% of the transferred thiamine is in the firee form. Thiamine uptake is enhanced by thiamine deficiency and reduced by thyroid hormone, diabetes, and ethanol ingestion. The gene for the specific thiamine transporter has been identified, and the transporter cloned. Thiamine is carried by the portal blood to the liver. The firee vitamin occurs in the plasma, but the coenzyme, TPP, is the primary cellular component. Approximately 30 mg is stored in the body with 80% as the pyrophosphate, 10% as triphosphate, and the rest as thiamine and its monophosphate. About half of the body stores are found in skeletal muscles, with much of the remainder in heart, liver, kidneys, and nervous tissues (including the brain, which contains most of the triphosphate). 

The water vapor in air is a result of vaporization of water from the earth s surface. We can consider liquid water to be condensed gas. At any given time, a eertain number of molecules can escape the liquid from the surfaee to the surrounding air (we call it evaporation). Because of air motion (turbulent mixing and adveetion) there is no equilibrium, i. e., transfer of water moleeules from the air baek to the surface (we call it condensation) in the same flux as evaporation. Such equilibrium can only be reached in a elosed undisturbed ehamber. Hence the vapor pressure dependency shown in Fig. 2.37 is theoretical and caimot be directly apphed to the atmosphere. If the equilibrium between eondensed and vaporous water is reaehed, the pressure is called saturation pressure p°°. Sueh eonditions are important for cloud formation but are also frequently observed in the tropics. The relative humidity RH is the ratio of the vapor pressure e) at temperature T to the saturation vapor pressure at the same temperature expressed as a percentage. 

Figure 7.22 (A) Plots of overall electron-transfer number and (B) percentage H2O2 produced as a function of electrode potential at three different concentrations of 02-saturated KOH solution. Calculations based on current-potential data collected at rotation rate of 1600 rpm. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 66.

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