1- Pentene catalysts, rhodium complexes

Pentapyrrolic macrocycles, 2,888 2,1,2-Pen tathiadiazol e-4,7-dicarbonitrile in hydrogen production from water, 6, 508 Pentatungstobis(organophosphonates), 3, 1053 4-Penten-l-al reaction with ethylene catalysts, rhodium complexes, 6, 300... 

Similar reactions have been carried out on acetylene. Aldehydes add to alkynes in the presence of a rhodium catalyst to give conjugated ketones. In a cyclic version of the addition of aldehydes, 4-pentenal was converted to cyclopen-tanone with a rhodium-complex catalyst. In the presence of a palladium catalyst, a tosylamide group added to an alkene unit to generate A-tosylpyrrolidine derivatives. ... 

Similar reactions have been carried out on acetylene.563 In a cyclic version of the addition of aldehydes, 4-pentenal was converted to cyclopentanone with a rhodium-complex catalyst.564... 

For the intermolecular hydroacylation of olefins and acetylenes, ruthenium complexes - as well as rhodium complexes - are effective [60-64]. In 1980, Miller reported the first example of an intermolecular hydroacylation of aldehydes with olefins to give ketones, during their studies of the mechanism of the rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular cydization of 4-pentenal using ethylene-saturated chloroform as the solvent [60]. A similar example of the hydroacylation of aldehydes with olefins using ruthenium catalyst is shown in Eq. 9.43. When the reaction of propionaldehyde with ethylene was conducted in the presence of RuCl2(PPh3)3 as the catalyst without... 

Application of this cyclization reaction to a large variety of 4-pentenals with the aid of the rhodium complex has been reported. The first example of an asymmetric cyclization of 4-pentenals via hydro acylation using a chiral rhodium diphosphine catalyst was published by Sakaki et al. in 1989 [ 104]. The diphosphine ligand ((lS,2S)-rraws-l,2-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclohexane) having a cyclohexane backbone in the chiral center shows the better asymmetric induction than DIOP ligand. Various types of enals are applicable to this asymmetric intramolecular hydro acylation reaction [105,106]. The use of BINAP ligand as the chiral auxiliary improves the optical yield to >99% ee when 4-substituted 4-pentenals are used as the substrate (Eq. 49) [106]. Steric repulsion between the substituent at the 4-position and the substituent on the phosphine atom controls the enantiofacial selection. 

The addition of an aldehyde group across an aUcene is a hydroacylation reaction. Whilst there is no hydrogen gas needed for these reactions, the process has some similarity to hydroformylation from a synthetic viewpoint, hence its mention in this chapter. In common with hydroformylations, catalytic asymmetric hydroacylations utilise enantiomerically pure rhodium complexes as catalysts. To date the catalytic asymmetric hydroacylation of alkenes has only been achieved in an intramolecular sense. 4-Substituted pentenal (2.213) and 3,4-disubstituted... 

Ruthenium complexes analogous to the preceeding rhodium complexes also gave higher n b aldehyde rados from 1-pentene when the catalyst had a high ratio, in support of the bisphosphine complex in Equation 20 as the species that favors the normal aldehyde (92). 

Another difference between the two mechanisms is that the former involves 1,2 and the latter 1,3 shifts. The isomerization of 1-butene by rhodium(I) is an example of a reaction that takes place by the metal hydride mechanism, while an example of the TT-allyl complex mechanism is found in the Fe3(CO)i2 catalyzed isomerization of 3-ethyl-l-pentene. " A palladium acetate or palladium complex catalyst was used to convert alkynones RCOCSCCH2CH2R to 2,4-alkadien-l-ones RCOCH= CHCH = CHCHR. ... 

Water soluble Rh/tppts and Rh/tppms complexes dissolved in nonaqueous media such as the ionic liquids, l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium or l-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium salt have also been used as catalysts in the hydroformylation of 1-pentene employing a two phase system.15,16 The yields obtained were 16-33% (TOF=59-103 h 1) without any leaching of the rhodium from the ionic liquid to the aldehydes/feedstock phase. Rh/PPh3 catalysts exhibited higher rates (TOF=333 h 1) for the same biphasic reaction albeit with leaching of rhodium due to the uncharged nature of the catalytic system.15... 

For cis-chelate complexes of rhodium and bisphosphines as catalysts, indeed relatively low ratios of n/i aldehyde products were reported (12, 13). Using a 1 1 mixture of H CO at atmospheric pressure, Sanger reported n/i ratios ranging from 3 to 4 for propylene hydroformylation (12). However, his catalyst systems were produced by adding less than 2 mol of bisphosphine per mole tris(triphenyl-phosphine)rhodium carbonyl hydride. When an excess of the chelating bisphosphines was used by Pittman and Hirao (13), low n/i ratios close to 1 were produced from 1-pentene using a mixture of H2/CO at 100-800 psi between 60° and 120°C. 

Substituted 2-(/J-oxoalkyl)tetrahydrofurans have been prepared in acceptable yields by a one-step aldol-type reaction of allyl ketones and 4-methyl-l-phenyl-4-penten-l-one, catalyzed by a rhodium(I) complex-tin(II) chloride mixture (equation 180)652. This type of catalyst mixture has also been used for both linear653 and cyclic654 codimers in a similar fashion. 

Interactions between side chain and olefinic carbon atom of die substrate approaching the metal seem to be similar both in the aforementioned platinum(H) complexes and in the above transition states. In fact, in the deuterioformylation of racemic 3-methyl-1-pentene in the presence of an achiral rhodium catalyst it has been shown that the si-si face is preferentially attacked in the (S) antipode whereas,... 

The scheme reduces to its most simple form when carbon monoxide is the only ligand present in the system, because equilibria of mixed ligand/carbon monoxide complexes do not occur. The kinetics of the hydroformylation reaction using hydrido rhodium carbonyl as the catalyst was studied by Marko [29]. For 1-pentene the rate expression found is ... 

The mechanism of hydroformylation by Pt/Sn systems has been investigated with the help of model complexes (Scheme 42). Only platinum SnCla complexes react with H2 to give EtCHO and close the cycle. 4-Pentenal is cyclized to cyclopentanone by cationic rhodium catalyst such as [Rh(dppe)2] in nitromethane or dichloromethane at 20 °C. The initiating step of the process is the oxidative addition of aldehyde-CH to the Rh(I) centre, a reversal of the final step in an olefin hydroformylation sequence. The mechanism was probed by deuteration studies direct evidence for the catalytic intermediates by NMR was unobtainable. The intermediates are involved in the reversible formation of side products, although selectivity to cyclopentanone can be as high as 98%. The essential features of the reaction are outlined in Scheme 43. ... 

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