Penetration enhancement calorimetry

Vaddi, H.K., P.C. Ho, and S.Y. Chan. 2002. Terpenes in propylene glycol as skin-penetration enhancers Permeation and partition of haloperidol, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. J Pharm Sci 91 1639. 

Cornwell, P.A., et al. 1996. Modes of action of terpene penetration enhancers in human skin differential scanning calorimetry, small-angle x-ray diffraction and enhancer uptake studies. Int J Pharm 127 9. 

Monti, D., et al. 2002. Increased corneal hydration induced by potential ocular penetration enhancers Assessment by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by desiccation. Int J Pharm 232 139. 

The substantial contributions of calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy to our knowledge base of SC biophysics speaks for themselves. Most notably, the pivotal role of the intercellular lipid domains in SC barrier function has been elucidated and has elevated the understanding of this complex membrane to a new level. In turn, this has allowed mechanisms of permeation and mechanisms of penetration enhancement to be examined and identified. Furthermore, the opportunity to monitor the uptake and distribution of topically administered chemicals into and within the SC offers a level of detail and quantification of the permeation process, in vivo in humans, that was unimaginable a decade ago. The variety of potential applications of these findings is considerable and will form the basis of substantial further work. 

Goodman, M. and Barry, B. W. Differential scanning calorimetry of human stratum comeum effects of penetration enhancers azone and dimethyl sulphox-ide. Analytical Proceedings 23 397-398, 1986. 

Yamane, M. A., Williams, A. C. and Barry, B. W. Effects of terpenes and oleic acid as skin penetration enhancers towards 5-fluorouracil as assessed with time permeation, partitioning and differential scanning calorimetry. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 776 237-251, 1995. 

Leopold, C. S. and Lippold, B. C. An attempt to clarify the mechanism of the penetration enhancing effects of lipophilic vehicles with differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 47 276-281, 1995. 

Goodman M, Barry BW. Action of penetration enhancers as assessed by differential scanning calorimetry. In Bronaugh RL, Maibach HI, eds. Percutaneous Absorption. 2nd ed. New York Marcel Dekker, 1989 567-593. 

Laurocapram (or azone, shown in Figure 6) is reported to be an effective penetration enhancer for both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs because it solubilizes the intercellular lipids and / or disrupts the lipid lamellae [10]. Monitoring of the heat generated, using isothermal calorimetry (ITC), allowed the reaction parameters to be determined. 

Kang L, Ho PC, Chan SY (2006) Interactions between a skin penetration enhancer and the main components of human stratum comeum lipids isothermal titratimi calorimetry study. 

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