Karl Pearson

Pearson, Karl. "Ether Squirts Being an Attempt to Specialize the Form of Ether Motion Which Forms an Atom in a Theory Propounded in Former Papers." American Journal of Mathematics 13 (1891) 309362. 

Pearson, Karl. The Grammar of Science. J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, London. 1937. 

When the estimates are well founded, the skewness may be preserved by using a distribution such as the Gompertz. The median of that curve occurs a.sy = 0.5 c, while the point of inflexion corresponds to the mode at y = c/exp (1) = 0.3679 c. The statistician Karl Pearson suggested as a simple measure of skewness... 

Stan Shostak Your historical analysis of Morgan leaves a great deal out and I wanted to mention that his real target here was Karl Pearson, and the whole problem of smoothing rather than chromosome versus the particulate, which he supported in any case. 

Twenty years later, Isidor Traube, professor of physical chemistry at Berlin s Technische-Hochschule, distinguished between an inner atomic volume corresponding to the material core of the atom and an outer volume that included an atmosphere of bound ether the whole of the molecule then moved in a larger "co-volume" of free ether.41 Farther still from mainstream nineteenth-century chemistry, Karl Pearson developed a mathematical theory of "aether squirts," setting up a quantitative measure of chemical affinity in terms of the pulsation periods of the squirts.42... 

Also discussed in Kragh. "Aether," 51. See Karl Pearson s articles "On a Certain Atomic... 

The Bayer Process, patented by Karl Josef Bayer in 1888 (Pearson (1)) is still widely adopted in refining alumina trihydrate from bauxite. Despite its long history, the unit operations involved in the process have remained basically unchanged with the reversible reaction below as its backbone. 

The chi-square test for comparing two proportions or rates was developed by Karl Pearson around 1900 and pre-dates the development of the t-tests. The steps involved in the Pearson chi-square test can be set down as follows ... 

Submitted by KARL H. PEARSON, WILLIAM R. HOWELL, JR.,f PAUL E. REINBOLD,f and STANLEY KIRSCHNER ... 

Berg, Deiter, 25 Buchel, Karl H., 1 Cole, Herbert, Jr., 127 Dekker, Johan, 107 Fuhr, Fritz, 53 Hoffmann, G. M., 117 Jones, Alan L., 135 Pearson, Roger C., 1 15 Soheinpflug, Hans, 73 Schwinn, F. J., 89 Sisler, Hugh D., 157 Urech, P. A., 89... 

The terms heteroskedasticity and homoskedasticity were introduced in 1905 by Karl Pearson. Pearson wrote If. .. all arrays are equally scattered about their means, I shall speak of the system as a homo-scedastic system, otherwise it is a heteroscedastic system. The words derive from the Greek skedastos (capable of being scattered). J. Huston McCulloch, On Heteroskedasticity, Econometrica, 53 (1985), 483. 

Checked by Karl H. Pearson, Lewis W. Sequin, and Stanley Kirschner ... 

Drying agents, Pearson and Ollerenshaw state that whereas the determination of the water content of solvents by the Karl Fischer method is tedious and requires large samplesi determination by specirophutumetric measurement of the overtone band of water near 5,.3U() cm. is a simple mailer requiring no expenditure of sample. 

But now let s take the IQ data from our thought experiment and calculate the standard Pearson correlation coefficient (named after the classic statistician Karl Pearson). You may be surprised at the result. What we find is a pair correlation of 0.98, just a shade under what would be called a perfect correlation. 

Dale AI (1991) A History of Inverse Probability from Thomas Bayes to Karl Pearson. Springer, New York and Berlin. 

Porter T (2005) Karl Pearson The Scientific Life in a Statistical Age. Princeton University Press, Princeton. 

Simpson s paradox is a phenomenon whereby an overall treatment effect in one direction is reversed in every stratum. It is named after a paper of 19 51 in which it was extensively examined by E.H. Simpson (Simpson, 1951), although a related phenomenon had been discussed at least as early as 1899 by Karl Pearson (Pearson et al., 1899). (See Aldrich (1995) for discussion.) A hypothetical example is given in Table 9.1, in which a trial has been run comparing two treatments in two strata of patients moderately ill and... 

As Talias (2007) has pointed out, there is an interesting analogy between the Pearson Index and the Neyman-Pearson lemma. (The Pearsons in question are different. Alan Pearson is the author of the Pearson index and Egon Pearson, 1895-1980, was the son of Karl Pearson, 1857-1936 and the collaborator of Jerzey Neyman, 1894-1981, in developing hypothesis testing.) Both are relevant to optimizing a function subject to a constraint. In the case of the Pearson index this is profit subject to total cost, and for the Neyman-Pearson lemma it is power subject to the constraint of an overall type I error rate. In both cases a ratio plays a key role. For the Neyman-Pearson lemma this is the likelihood ratio and for the Pearson index the index itself is a ratio of expected profit to expected cost. 

Submitted bt George B. Kauffman and Llotd T. Taxahashi Checked by Karl H. PEARsoN,t Lewis W. SEQUiN,t and Stanley KlBSCHNERt... 

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