Patch loads

Patch load PL over central area a/lOxb/10... 

Patches are essentially spot or grab samples (typically 25 cm ) of the skin, whereby dermal exposure is assessed by extrapolating the patch loading level to the surface of the entire body. Given that only a small area of exposed skin is covered by the patches used, the uncertainties in calculating true exposure are likely to be high. Furthermore, the exposure pattern may vary with time, with activities, and both within and between individuals, days and shifts. However, several field studies have shown that this technique is a useful tool in the identification and evaluation of dermal exposures to a range of workplace contaminants and in the assessment of the effectiveness of personal protective equipment (Fenske et al. 1990). 

Thermal analysis has been carried out for all vessels noted in this chapter. Figures 5.50, 5.51, 5.52 and 5.53 give the result of temperature distributions for the vessels. Where thermal loads are to be included in the overall analysis they are computed from these figures and are put at the respective nodes of the elements as concentrated loads or patch loads. Alternatively strains are evaluated from these temperatures and they are included in the finite element formulations as initial strains. Stress trajectories can be drawn for the temperature-only case on the lines given for vessels in normal operation - cases which in fact include temperature effects. 

Load balancing can then be achieved in NAMD 2 by moving compute objects and patches between nodes. But what if a compute object and a patch it depends on are on different nodes Compute objects individually communicating with off-node patches would generate a huge amount of redundant communication. Therefore, patches are represented on other nodes by proxy patches, which implement the same interface as home patches for dealing with compute objects and handling dependencies but receive coordinates from and... 

An alternative explanation has been proposed by Quesnel [62]. Assuming that the adhesion-induced deformation could be treated as a Hertzian indentor, with the load due to the force arising from the surface energy, Quesnel calculated the indentation in a self-consistent manner. That is to say, Quesnel recognized that the attractive force would vary as the particle or substrate deformed, owing to the increased circumference of the contact patch. He also recognized that, due to... 

Patch. A piece of greased cloth or leather which was wrapped around the ball to make it fit the bore more tightly. It was commonly used with muzzle-loading rifles that fired spherical balls, and in some dueling pistols... 

Goldhaber, J.I. and Weiss, J.N. (1993). Hydrogen peroxide increases sodium-calcium exchange in patch-clamped guinea pig ventricular myocytes loaded with Fura-2. Circulation, 88(4), 724, abstract. 

First of all, it should be noted that, despite the differences in design, drug loading and surface area, these patches are considered to be bioequivalent. Thus, one cannot use drug content nor mechanism of release as useful parameters with which to assess the comparability of different transdermal systems (by contrast, for oral delivery, a generic... 

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