Particle-antiparticle states

The value is for the sum of the charge states or particle/antiparticle states indicated. 

Observables, rate of change of, 477 Occupation number operator, 54 for particles of momentum k, 505 One-antiparticle state, 540 One-dimensional antiferromagnetic Kronig-Penney problem, 747 One-negaton states, 659 One-particle processes Green s function for computing amplitudes under vacuum conditions, 619... 

Once formed, the source dipole is a broken symmetry [2] in the vacuum s energy flux along the lines experimentally shown by Wu et al. in 1957 [35]. As Lee points out, the asymmetry between opposite signs of electric charge is called C violation, or charge conjugation violation, or sometimes particle-antiparticle asymmetry. As Nobelist Lee [2] further states, Since non-obser-vables imply symmetry, these discoveries of asymmetry must imply observables. ... 

It follows that if A is a stable particle, then its CPT conjugate A is also a stable particle with exactly the same mass, as shown by putting A = B in the equation above. A is called the antiparticle state of A. 

The well-established solution to this problem is the reinterpretation of the negative energy states as unoccupied antiparticle states with positive energy —e. The destruction of a particle with < —mc via must then be understood as the creation of an antiparticle and vice versa, which is reflected by a redefinition of the negative energy destruction and creation operators,... 

However, as there are as many antiparticle states as particle states the sums on the right hand side of (172) cancel each other and (0.y G.y 0,s) vanishes for the commutator form of Q, (this is immediately obvious for the homogeneous vacuum for which = 0). 

In passing we note that the functions in the set g are completely delocalized over the region of sites defined by the localized particle-antiparticle basis h, while the f-basis contains all possible phase-shifted contributions from each site in accordance with Eqs. (56) and (57) above. Some interrelationships can be recognized here. The first connection concerns Coleman s so-called extreme state [18], cf. the theories of superconductivity and superfluidity based on ODLRO. The second observation relates to the identification of the present finite dimensional representation as a precursor for possible condensations, developing correlations and coherences that may extend over macroscopic dimensions. If h is a set of two-particle determinants and the iV-particle fermionic wave function is constructed from an AGP, antisymmetrized geminal power, based on i, see Eq. (57), then the reduced density matrix can be represented as... 

Figure 2.2 A gas of electrons and positrons in equilibrium with radiation at very high temperatures. At temperatures over 10 K, particle-antiparticle pair creation and annihilation begins to occur and the total number of particles is no longer a constant. At these temperatures, electrons, positrons and photons are in the state called thermal radiation. The energy density of thermal radiation depends only on the temperature...

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