Parotoid

Cane toad biogenic amines fall into three classes, the catecholamines, the indolylalkylamines and an alkaloid. The catecholamine adrenaline is a significant portion (6-11%) of the skin secretions (Erspamer 1994 Gregerman 1952). Parotoid and... 

More than twenty indole derivatives have been identified from bufonid skin extracts. The indolylalkylamines bufotenidine, bufotenine, de-hydrobufotenine, bufo-tionine and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) (Fig. 39.2b) have been identified in skin secretions of Bufo marinus, while the latter four have been detected in parotoid gland secretions (Erspamer 1994 Maciel, Schwartz, Pires Jr, Sebben, Castro, Sousa, Fontes and Schwartz 2003). The concentration of serotonin in the dried secretion of B. marinus was found to equate to approximately 0.1% of the total composition and primarily acts as a vasoconstrictor (Gregerman 1952 Toledo and Jared 1995). 

Fig. 39.3 LC PDA analysis, UV (297 nm) trace (using 1 mL/min gradient elution from 90% H20/MeCN (0.01% TFA) to MeCN (0.01% TFA) over 30 minutes followed by a 5 minute flush with MeCN on a Phenomenex Onyx CiglOO x 4.6mm column) showing a) non-polar, b) intermediate, c) polar fractions and d) characteristic absorbance profile of parotoid secretion from B. marinus.

Gregerman, R. I. (1952) Adrenalin and hydroxytyramine in the parotoid gland venom of the toad Bufo marinus. J. Gen. Physiol. 35, 483—487. 

Hutchinson, D. A. and Savitzky, A. H. (2004) Vasculature of the parotoid glands of four species of toads (Bufonidae Bufo). J. Morph. 260, 247-254. 

In contrast to dendrobatid alkaloids, which are not present in captive-raised dendrobatid frogs, lire salamanders produce samandarine alkaloids when reared in captivity (G. Habermehl, personal communication, 1989). No apparent differences in alkaloid content occurred for at least three generations. Incubation of secretions from salamander parotoid glands with radiolabeled cholesterol in buffer for 3 days at room temperature led to some apparent incorporation of radioactivity into samandarine alkaloids (53). 

IsoL from the parotoid glands of the frog Litoria caerulea. 

Isol. from the parotoid glands of the frog Litoria caerulea. Waugh, R.J. et al, J.C.S. Perkin 1, 1993, 573 isol, struct)... 

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