Parasitic fungi, spores

Crump DH, Kerry BR. A quantitative method for extracting resting spores of two nematode parasitic fungi, Nematophthoragynophila and Verticillium chlamydosporium, from soil. Nematologica 27 330-339, 1981. 

Spore germination and appressoria formation during the pathogenesis of rust fungi is affected to a very low extent. The interference with haustorial formation is the most important effect. Colonized cells undergo a hypersensitivity reaction finally they become necrotic. Further development of the obligate parasite is therefore stopped. 

The genus Ustilago is representative of this order. Ustilago species are commonly dimorphic phragmobasidial smut fungi parasitic on seeds and flowers of many cereals and grasses [380]. Smut spores may be inhaled and therefore may be isolated from sputum specimens. Based on partial sequences... 

Reproduction, dissemination, and overwintering. As the disease organisms spread through the host and obtain nutrients, they increase in size, number, or both. The way pathogens reproduce varies. Fungi produce spores, bacteria split apart, viruses are replicated by the cells they infect, nematodes lay eggs, and parasitic plants produce seeds. 

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