Nephrotoxicity paraquat

Webb, D.B. 1983a. The pathophysiology of paraquat nephrotoxicity in the sheep. Jour. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 19 911-929. 

Webb, D.W. 1983. Nephrotoxicity of paraquat in the sheep and the associated reduction in paraquat secretion. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 68 282-289. 

Pesticide toxicity is common in humans as well as in animals. The common pesticides that cause nephrotoxicity include paraquat, diquat, and zinc phosphide. 

Duwe J, Cojocel C, Baumann K. Effect of paraquat-like substances and cephalosporins on accumulation of p-aminohippurate and tetraethylammonium in rat renal cortical slices, and on lipid peroxidation in rat renal microsomes and cortical alices. In Nephrotoxicity. Mechanisms, early diagnosis, and therapeutic management. Bach PH, Gregg NJ, Wilks MF, Delacruz L (editors). Marcel Dekker Inc, New York 1991 p. 13-17. 

Cortinarius species usually grow in semimountain-ous and deciduous forests at the end of the summer or in autumn, and may be easily mistaken for the Psylocybe genus, the so-called "magic mushrooms" appreciated by drug-abuser people for its hallucinogenic properties. The toxicity of Cortinarius is related to the orellanine toxin, a hydroxypyridine with structural analogy to paraquat, which blocks protein synthesis and induces oxidative stress [88,89]. Numerous cases of orellanine-induced nephrotoxicity have been reported in Europe (C, orellanus and C, speciosissimus) [90-92], North America and Canada [88] and suspected in 3 patients in Australia [93]. 

Results of in vitro experiments carried out with rat renal microsomes and renal cortical slices showed that aztreonam has a low potential to induce reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation [10]. However, aztreonam caused a decrease in renal cortical accumulation of PAH comparable to that of paraquat without a significant decrease in TEA accumulation [10]. Therefore, it appears that the nephrotoxic activity of aztreonam may be not directly related to the superoxide generation and lipid peroxidation. 

Vaziri ND, Ness RL, Fairshter RD, Smith WR, Rosen SM. 1979. Nephrotoxicity of paraquat in man. Arch Intern Med 139(2) 172-174. 

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