Parallel Patterning by Using Liquid Bridges

The sequential character of AFM somehow limits the technological applications of tip-based nanolithographies, in particular AFM oxidation. In addition, the patterning area is limited by the AFM scanner, which usually has a range of 10-50 microns. To overcome these limitations, several methods have been proposed to upscale the local oxidation process by using a conductive stamp with multiple protrusions as the cathode electrode (Fig. 13.17a). Then, in a single step a large area could be patterned with millions of nanostructures. 

The control and manipulation of nanoscale liquid bridges or capillaries, in particular water capillaries, plays a crucial role in several high-resolution lithography methods. There the liquid bridge provides the spatial confinement of a chemical reaction, which causes a local modification of the surface. The bridge also supplies the chemicals for the reaction to happen. Electric fields 

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Atkins, Physical Chemistry. 4th ed. New York W.H. Freeman (1990J. 

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