Parallel network Term Links

The ordinate values, A n and Aj, denote the square root of the components of the molecular deformation tensor parallel and perpendicular to the direction of stretch, respectively. Results are presented in terms of o( for networks cross-linked and stretched in the dry state, i.e., v v = 1. 

In erythrocytes and most other cells, the major structural link of plasma membranes to the cytoskeleton is mediated by interactions between ankyrin and various integral membrane proteins, including Cf/HCOj antiporters, sodium ion pumps and voltage-dependent sodium ion channels. Ankyrin also binds to the =100 nm, rod-shaped, antiparallel a(3 heterodimers of spectrin and thus secures the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. Spectrin dimers self-associate to form tetramers and further to form a polygonal network parallel to the plasma membrane (Fig. 2-9D). Neurons contain both spectrin I, also termed erythroid spectrin, and spectrin II, also termed fodrin. Spectrin II is found throughout neurons, including axons, and binds to microtubules, whereas spectrin I occurs only in the soma and dendrites. 

This research by Dumont et al. (2002) describes the development of Raman spectra from a parent pitch to a resultant coke. The RMS spectrum of the coke originates from within one (embryonic) graphene layer which most probably forms part of a cross-linked carbon network. The proposed existence of a graphitic crystallite" composed of several grapherte layers stacked parallel to each other is not required. Hence, the frequent use of the term "graphitic microcrystallite within the RMS literature is simply an uncritical carry-over of words from WAXD studies and which unfortunately impart seriously misleading ideas. 

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