Paradoxical behavior

While hydrolysis is a thermodynamically favored reaction, the amide and phosphoester bonds of polypeptides and ohgonucleotides are stable in the aqueous environment of the cell. This seemingly paradoxic behavior reflects the fact that the thermodynamics governing the equihbrium of a reaction do not determine the rate at which it will take place. In the cell, protein catalysts called enzymes are used to accelerate the rate... 

Note that the current has a paradoxical behavior at times close to zero. When k°ti 3> 1 and /[ —> 0, the current takes the form of a Dirac s delta function, which in practice means that although it could take a very large value, it will be not possible to record it. 

An alternative approach is to calculate the coupling matrix elements from the Golden Rule equation (11) if pj (E) and the rate constant kj are known. The product v 2 may then be calculated and it can be seen whether the depopulation process in question agrees with theoretical prediction. A lack of agreement could be indicative of the participation of other, unobserved states in the decay process. This approach has been used by Parmenter and Poland (185) to demonstrate the apparent paradoxical behavior of biacetyl in the low-energy absorption region. It has since been shown that this system is actually an intermediate case with three or more states involved in the decay process (72,246). 

It can also be observed from this figure that Sn-containing catalyst is a more effective catalyst for the oxidation of CO than that containing Ru, as a lower onset potential of the oxidation wave is obtained with the former catalyst. It has also to be noted that PtSn catalysts are less active towards methanol electrooxidation than PtRu catalysts (see Section IV. 1). ° However, adsorbed CO species are proposed as reaction intermediates of methanol electro-oxidation, which seems to lead to a paradoxical behavior of PtSn based catalysts. In CO stripping experiments, a negative shift of the onset potential for the oxidation of adsorbed CO on PtSn also occurs. " On the basis of in situ infrared spectroscopy studies coupled with electrochemical measurements, Mo-... 

There Is another chain termination which Is Important to explain the paradoxical behavior of water radiolysis. 

However, little or no significant benefit of rubber modification has been seen in the few epoxies examined, even though the rubber improved the impact strength. The cause of this paradoxical behavior has not been established, but Manson et al. (22) proposed that the rubber-matrix interface may fail well ahead of the advancing crack, thus limiting the already low capacity for shear deformation in the matrix. 

These results also show a paradoxical behavior of chemical modification to adhesion. Crosslinking the polymer improves the molecular weight effect at the... 

Viola, M.S., Botsarls, G.D., Gold, D. The paradoxical behavior of the crystallization of KCl In the presence of PbCl2, 68th Ann. AICHE Meeting. Los Angeles 1975... 

A peculiarity of the depolymerization motor is that the velocity rises at low loads, passes through a maximum, then decreases monotonically to zero at the stall force, as shown in Figure 2(d) [8]. This apparently paradoxical behavior has a simple explanation. Small pushing loads increase the residence time of the load at the microtubule end where it stimulates monomer dissociation, enhancing motion to the minus end (left in Figure 2(c)). At larger loads, this effect is overridden by the load and the velocity decreases monotonically. 

This class of electrolytes gives the technology of lithium primary batteries a special exotic attraction. The fluid electrolyte mixture acts as the media of transfer of electric charges between anode and cathode as described above. In addition it also contains the cathodic active substance, which is in direct contact to the anodic counterpart, the lithium metal, but nonetheless reacts separately in a distance from the anode at a cathodic support electrode by consumption of electrons from the outer circuit. This paradoxical behavior is possible because of the cathode s ability to create a... 

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