Panic disorder etiology

Construct validation follows a three-stage process. The first stage, theory formulation, involves specifying relationships among constructs and their relation to external variables (e.g., etiological factors). Disorder x is created by process y. For example, a theory about the construct panic disorder could specify that it is caused by the catastrophic misinterpretation of benign bodily cues (Clark, 1986) or by a faulty suffocation monitor (Klein, 1993). Internal... 

Bouton ME, Mineka S, Barlow DH (2001) A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder. Psychol Rev 108 4-32 Braunewell KH, Manahan-Vaughan D (2001) Long-term depression a cellular basis for learning RevNeurosci 12 121-140... 

Clum GA, Borden JW. Etiology and treatment of panic disorders. Prog BehavModil 1989 24 192-222. 

Although the etiology of autism is not understood, the defining or core symptoms of autistic disorder are considered to be impaired social interaction, impaired verbal and nonverbal communication, and restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior. In addition, most patients with a primary diagnosis of autism exhibit other neurological or psychiatric symptoms, which may include seizures, sleep disorders, anxiety, panic attacks, attention deficit/hyperactivity, self-injury, and cognitive impairment (Simonoff et ah, 2008). It is not known to what extent these comorbidities reflect the primary pathology of autism and to what extent they represent unrelated vulnerabilities that are exacerbated by the impaired social interaction and communication that is characteristic of the disorder. 

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