Palladium complex catalysis telomerization

In homogeneous catalysis telomerization is defined as the oligomerization of dienes with incorporation of a nucleophile. For example, two molecules of butadiene react with one nucleophile HY to form telomers. This reaction is catalyzed by various organometallic compounds of the transition metals, especially by palladium and nickel complexes. 

Alkenes and/or alkynes can be dimerized, telomerized, and polymerized under palladium-catalysis. In an effort to copolymerize polar co-monomers, Johnson et al. investigated catalysts based upon palladium. These catalysts were referred to as postmetallocene catalysts. They were based upon complexes bearing bulky, neutral, alpha-diimine (or diketimine) ligands. They have been commercialized as DuPont s Versipol olefin polymerization system. The commercial synthesis of 1-octene (starting in 2007) is a palladium-catalyzed telomerization of butadiene with methanol. ... 

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