Palladium chemistry alternative solvents

In 2013, Moody and coworkers [151] published an interesting, yet thought-provoking paper on the noncatalytic amination of heteroaryl chlorides in water. This study was conducted on the premise that although palladium catalysis revolutionized JV-arylation chemistry, they are used without due consideration of alternatives. This is a very valid opinion, but we believe that the catalytic superiority of using both Pd and Cu catalysts (and others under various circumstances) can be further reinforced once sustainable measures such as immobilized system, alternative solvents, or very low loadings are put in force. 

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