Palladium-catalyzed reactions definitions

Early 2005, Leadbeater s team reported that the previously claimed tran-sition-metal-free Suzuki-type protocol was definitely palladium-catalyzed [ 53 ]. Palladium contaminants down to the level of 50 ppb found in commercially available sodium carbonate were responsible for the generation of the biaryl. For good product yields in a short reaction time under microwave irradiation, a loading of 1 ppm Pd was required. 

Another topic often encountered in the literature on microwave-promoted reactions is the lower consumption of energy associated with the use of MW technology in small-scale chemistry. For the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki reaction there have been attempts to investigate this matter in more detail. Clark et al. have performed a comparative study of the energy efficiency of the different reaction techniques. The Suzuki reaction was analyzed and under the reaction conditions used the MW-assisted reaction was 85 times more energy-efficient than the corresponding oil-bath-heated reaction. As there are a multitude of reaction conditions for the Suzuki coupling, this value should be seen as an example, rather than a definite value [20]. 

For our definition of the term a position , see [6]. There is an older usage of the terms a and y in the discussion of palladium-catalyzed allylic displacement reactions, where... 

By definition, palladium- and copper-catalyzed aryl amidation, aryl etherification, and aryl thioetherification reactions are transformations designed to construct bonds between heteroatoms and aromatic rings. Thus, it is perhaps not surprising that these... 

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