Pain scale

The nurse may request that the patient evaluate the pain using a standardized pain scale measurement tool. The pain is rated using a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the most severe pain and 1 being the least discomfort. Failure to adequately assess pain is a major factor in the undertreatment of pain. 

Multidimensional assessment tools obtain information about the pain and impact on quality of life, but are often more time-consuming to complete. Examples of these types of tools include the Initial Pain Assessment Tool, Brief Pain Inventory, McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Neuropathic Pain Scale, and the Oswestry Disability Index.29-33... 

Pain scale Patient self-rating of pain on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Used to assess pain both at rest and with movement. Determined at baseline and to assess response to therapy. 

INPUT SAMPLE PAIN SCALE DATA. data pain ... 

Analgesic therapy should be tailored to the individual because of the variable frequency and severity of pain. Pain scales should be used to quantify the degree of pain. 

One issue that is important to determine is how missing data will be handled in an ITT analysis. ITT was largely developed in clinical trials in which the major endpoints were events, mortality, infarctions, etc. In such studies it is possible to follow-up on patients who withdraw from treatment and determine whether the event has occurred or not and indeed in such trials every effort should be made to do this. For other types of data, for example, a pain scale other approaches are necessary. 

Argoff CE, Galer BS, Jensen MP, et al. Effectiveness of the lidocaine patch 5% on pain qualities in three chronic pain states assessment with the Neuropathic Pain Scale. CurrMed Res Opin. 2004 20(suppl 2) S21-S28. 

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations requires that all patients receive a pain assessment and appropriate pain-relief measures. Various pain scales are available to measure pain in preverbal and verbal children nurses should administer... 

FIGURE 18.6 Graded concentration-effect curve for intravenous lidocaine in patients with neuropathic pain. Pain was scored from 0 to 10 with an analog pain scale. The median pretreatment pain score was 7 and a score of 0 meant no pain. Blood levels of lidocaine were measured every 10 minutes and pain was scored at the same time points. The graph relates the blood level of lidocaine to the severity of pain. (Adapted from data published by Ferrante FM, Paggioli J, Cherukuri S, Arthur GR. Anesth Analg 1996 82 91-7.)... 

A pain scale is used to assess the intensity of pain by asking a patient to report pain based on the pain scale. There are three commonly used pain scales ... 

Assess pain using a pain scale assess onset, type, location, and duration of pain. 

Opioids are addicting. Tolerance and dependence may occur with prolonged use of high doses. Instruct patient/family to use a pain scale and a pain diary if necessary. 

Instruct patient/family to use a pain scale and a pain diary if necessary. 

Three types of pain scales are 0-10, face rating scale, and color scale. 

Categorical data is becoming increasingly common in population PK/PD analysis, especially ordered categorical data. Examples of such data are adverse events and efficacy measurements such as pain scales (16) or sedation scores (17). This section focuses on graphical methods for categorical type data. 

There is great variability in the frequency and severity of acute pain episodes associated with SCD. Thus the pain should be assessed and analgesic therapy should be tailored for each patient. Pain scales can be useful to quantify the degree of pain. Several pain assessment tools are available. Unfortunately, they have not been validated for sickle ceU pain. The health care provider should choose one tool appropriate for age and use it routinely to assess pain. Other useful information to guide choice of analgesics should include previous effective agents and their dosages, response to therapy and previous clinical course, and duration of pain crisis... 

Mitoxantrone plus prednisone is another combination regimen that can palliate hormone-refractory prostate cancer. One hundred and sixty-one patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer with pain were randomized to receive either 10 mg/day prednisone alone, or this same prednisone dose with mitoxantrone. The primary end point was a palliative ( clinical benefit ) response, as assessed by a pain scale and analgesic requirements. Quality of life was assessed with a series of linear analog health-assessment scales and the Prostate Cancer-Specific Quality of Life Instrument. 

Blood pressure, tumor shrinkage, psychometric testing, pain scales, CD4 blood count for HIV AIDS. 

Pain scales, lung function tests, electrocardiogram readings, bone density, blood or urine levels of proteins and other analytes associated with disease. 

The most common method used to assess pain is the pain scale. One of the pain scales ranges from zero to 10. Zero is freedom from pain 10 is the most severe... 

Pain is sensed when a nerve ending is stimulated sending an impulse along the neural pathway to the brain that interprets the impulse as pain. Pain is assessed in a patient by asking the patient to describe the intensity of the pain on a pain scale— the higher the value, the more severe the pain. Besides intensity, pain is assessed according to onset, duration, frequency, what started the pain (precipitating cause), and what relieves the pain. 

The nurse must then determine how much pain the client is in to determine which medication would be most appropriate. The pain scale will also help evaluate the effectiveness of the medication. 

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