Ozone from auto emissions

The abbreviation CAA refers to the Clean Air Act. The first act was passed in 1970 and originally controlled air pollution from cars and industry. Amendments in 1977 imposed stricter auto emission standards. The 1990 CAA extends to manufacturing and commercial activity. This version of the CAA regulates particulates, ozone, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, carbon dioxide, and substances that would deplete stratospheric ozone. A newer version was passed in 1996. 

In an effort to reduce emissions from mobile sources to help address acute ozone nonattainment problems, the State of California adopted a Low Emission Vehicle/Clean Fuel program in 1990. Low Emission Vehicles, or LEVs, are designed to meet significantly stricter HC, CO and NOx standards than vehicles sold in the remainder of the U.S., and are designed to operate on a strictly controlled reformulated fuel to achieve low emissions over the vehicle s lifetime. One of the characteristics of this fuel is a low sulfur content, which averages 30-40 ppm or less. Data provided by the Auto Oil Air Quality Research Program and other studies were instrumental in the development of the low emission properties of this fuel, and vehicle manufacturers now use this fuel in the development, calibration, and certification process for Low Emission Vehicles sold in California. 

In the review by Armor [1] a variety of pollutants are discussed with a focus on commercially applied processes using catalysis as a solution. Issues such as the removal of NO.v, SO.v, chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFC), VOC, carbon monoxide, auto exhaust emission, ozone, nitrous oxide, byproducts from chemicals production, odor control, and toxic gas removal are discussed. In another review Armor [2] discusses specific topics such as monolith technology, new catalytic materials, and specific processes. Additionally, key suggestions for future research effort are given. 

---