Oxygenation of Blood

Bubbles could be created by multiple capillaries or holes created on a surface. However, the formation of small bubbles on a membrane surface, particularly at a low flow rate, is not as easy as it might be conceived. Furthermore, the basic principle for how to make small bubbles had not been available until the two reference papers were published in 1994 as described in Chapter 27. 

---

As mentioned already, the artificial kidney is a classic example of chemical engineering prowess. The proper design of such devices requires a description of both water and solute transport to and from blood, across membranes, and to and from an adjacent fluid known as the dialysate. Variations on this theme include hemodilution, hemoconcentration, and hemofiltration. Applications of these same principles have been used to examine continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Oxygenation of blood,... 

E promotes air flow through the bronchioles by causing relaxation of their smooth muscle (bronchodilatation) nd thus allows for increased alveolar ventilation. The increased blood flow through the lungs (see above) and the increased alveolar ventilation ensure maximal oxygenation of blood. 

Frankenfeld. Li, and Asher" 49 4 have described an apparatus quite similar to dial shown in Fig. 19.4-6B for the extracorporeal oxygenation of blood. Bubbles of gaseous Oj. encapsulated in a fluorocarbon membrane, rise ihrongh oxygen-depleted blood. As they do so oxygen diffuses from the membrane into the blood while CD2 differes in the opposite direction and is swept ont. This process was reviewed earlier. 1" The key to its potential success is the use of fluorocarbons in the membrane phase.11,45 4 Fluorocarbons are uniquely compatible with human blood and circumvent the damage to blood cells which is encountered with conventional devices. 

The influence of fat layers on measuring the oxygenation of blood was examined by Lin et al. in 1998 [26], The phantom experiments showed fat makes a difference in patient-to-patient measurements. These may be compensated in any individual patient. Yamamoto [27] addressed the issue of fat interference with an oximeter that corrected for the influence of subcutaneous fat. 

Absorption of O2 is encountered in the oxygenation of blood. The desorption of O2 from water is very important in degassing processes employed in ultrapure water production. Conunent on which resistance will be important in both processes. (Ans. Kc 2 x 10 cm/s Kpi = 1.1 x 10 gmol/cm -s-mole fraction.)... 

Catapano, G., Homscheidt, R., Wodetzi, A., and Baurmeister, U. (2004). Turbulent flow technique for the estimation of oxygen diffusive permeability of membranes for the oxygenation of blood and other cell suspensions. J. Membr. Sci. 230(1-2), 131. 

---