Oxygenate sugars

Carbohydrate Chemical compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Sugars and starches are carbohydrates. 

Oxygenated ligands, Os derivatives, 6, 842 2-Oxygenated sugars, via rhodium(II)-catalyzed... 

Most substances can be decomposed into two or more simpler substances. Water can be decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen. Sugar can be decomposed into carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Table salt is easily decomposed into sodium and chlorine. An element, however, cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical changes. 

As the name suggests, carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Sugars and starches are common examples of carbohydrate. Fats are used as reserve foodstuffs and insulate the body thus protecting it against cold. Carbohydrates and fats are a ready source of heat energy. 

Color of anthocyanins-containing media depends on the structure and concentration, of the pigment, pH, temperature, presence of ascorbic acid, copigments, metallic ions, enzymes, oxygen, sugars and their degradation products, sulfur dioxide, and other factors. 

In addition to these binary systems, other diffusion processes include the transport of many solutes. One group of these processes occurs in the human body. Simultaneous diffusion of oxygen, sugars, and proteins takes place in the blood. Mass transfer of bile salts, fats, and amino acids occurs in the small intestine. Sodium and potassium ions cross many cell membranes by means of active transport. All these physiological processes involve simultaneous diffusion of many solutes. 

Pasteur effect Yeast and other cells can break down sugar in the presence of oxygen (eventually to CO2 and H2O) or in its absence (to CO2 and ethanol). The decomposition of sugar is often greater in the absence of oxygen than in its presence, i.e. the Pasteur effect. With oxygen, less toxic products (alcohol) are produced and the breakdown is more efficient in terms of energy production. 

A substantial fraction of the named enzymes are oxido-reductases, responsible for shuttling electrons along metabolic pathways that reduce carbon dioxide to sugar (in the case of plants), or reduce oxygen to water (in the case of mammals). The oxido-reductases that drive these processes involve a small set of redox active cofactors , that is, small chemical groups that gain or lose electrons. These cofactors include iron porjDhyrins, iron-sulfur clusters and copper complexes as well as organic species that are ET active. 

In animal metaboHsm, oxygen from the atmosphere reacts with sugars ia the body to produce energy according to the overall formula ... 

Fig. 2. A representation of the cellulose chain ia solution, projected against three two-dimensional surfaces. The circles represent the oxygen atoms that link the iadividual glucose residues, and the lines take the place of the sugar residues. This result of a modeling study (39) iadicated a molecule somewhat more...

---