Sulfur—oxygen bonds elemental halogens

The fingerprint region (1500-500 cm 1), where all single bonds between carbon and elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and halogens absorb... 

Identify the most common number of covalent bonds and lone pairs for the atoms of each of the following elements hydrogen, the halogens (group 17), oxygen, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon. 

A second reason for the vast number of organic compounds is that carbon atoms can form stable bonds with other elements. Several families of organic compounds (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and ethers) contain oxygen atoms bonded to carbon. Others contain nitrogen, sulfur, or halogens. The presence of these elements confers a wide variety of new chemical and physical properties on an organic compound. 

Carbon atoms readily form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and with atoms of other nonmetals, especially hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens. Carbon atoms form these bonds by sharing pairs of electrons with atoms of other elements. When two atoms share two electrons, the bond is called a single bond (symbolized in a structural formula by a single dash - ). When four electrons are shared, the bond is called a double bond (symbolized by a double dash = ). When six electrons are shared, the bond is called a triple bond (symbolized by a triple dash <=> ). A carbon atom will... 

Functional groups can contain many elements, but the most common are oxygen and nitrogen. Sulfur and the halogens are less commonly encountered. Some functional groups are part of the molecular backbone. These include the multiple bonds between backbone carbon atoms of compounds such as ethene (ethylene), ethyne (acetylene), and benzene. 

While carbon and oxygen radicals add irreversibly to carbon-carbon double bonds, the fragmentation reaction is rapid (and often reversible) for elements like tin, sulfur, selenium and the halogens (Scheme 36). This elimination reaction can be very useful in synthesis if the eliminated radical Y- can either directly or indirectly react with a radical precursor to propagate a chain. Given this prerequisite, an addition chain can be devised with either an allylic or a vinylic precursor, as illustrated in Scheme 37. Carbon radicals are generated by the direct or indirect reaction with Y- and are removed by the -elimination of Y-. Selectivity is determined by the concentration of the alkene acceptor and the rate of -elimination... 

Organic compounds Substances whose molecules contain one or more carbon atoms covalently bonded with another element (including hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, the halogens as well as phosphorus, silicon and sulfur). 

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