Oxygen physically dissolved

As with oxygen, the amount of carbon dioxide physically dissolved in the plasma is proportional to its partial pressure. However, carbon dioxide is 20 times more soluble in plasma than is oxygen. Therefore, approximately 10% of carbon dioxide in blood is transported in the dissolved form. 

As mentioned in Section 15.3.3, most CO2 in blood exists as HCO3". In evaluating the CO2 desorption performance of blood oxygenators, we must always consider the simultaneous diffusion of HCOg", the rate of which is greater than that of physically dissolved COg. Experimental data on the rates of CO2 desorption... 

The second method is to use fluorocarbons in which oxygen is physically dissolved about 10 times of water. Fluorocarbons are chemically stable and do not show any biological reaction. 20-35 vol% of fluorocarbons such as triperfluorobutylamine and perfluorodecalin are emulsifided in the presence of a surfactant. The white emulsion stays in a blood circular over several days when the mriticle size of fluorocarbon is smaller than 0.1 p. The fluorocarbon emulsion has been tried experimentally in hundreds of patients in Japan and the U.S. But there also still remain problems. The emulsion carries only 5 ml oxygen per 100 ml malium and a patient is to be kept under an oxygen tent. Fluorocarbons are so much radically different in their chemical properties from natural Hb, that there is still a possibility to cause unknown problems in an in vivo system. 

Oxygen can also be released into melts by changes in the oxidation state of the surrounding atmosphere. Changes in oxidation state of polyvalent ions such as iron, chromium, manganese, etc. can alter the state of oxygen from chemically bound to physically dissolved molecules, as in the reaction ... 

Oxygen may dissolve in rubber in two ways. Physical solution can be followed by chemical reaction. Chemical reaction occurs autocatalytioally(59), and as resinification proceeds the rubber becomes first tacky, and ultimately hard and brittle. When the surface area is small the rate of reaction with oxygen may depend upon the extent of the surface, but as the surface is increased diffusion becomes no longer a rate controlling step, and the reaction velocity is independent of the surface area. 

Various batteries are used by implantable devices for the treatment of cardiac diseases. Some of these devices have been found to be ideal in terms of reliability and longevity, some have been found to be marginal in performance, and only few have been found to be suitable for pacemaker applications. The batteries selected for the treatment ofvarious cardiac diseases include Li-l2, LiAgVO,2, LiMn02, Li-ion, and LiCF,j. The performance of the batteries used in pacemakers is somewhat affected by such factors as body temperature, dissolved blood oxygen, physical exertion, and body movements. 

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