Oxide electrocatalysts hybridization

Figure 3. Proposed schematic representation of oxidative electrocatalysis at an electrode modified with CNT-MPc hybrid. In this case, the surface-confined MPc and CNT are hypothesized to act as electrocatalyst and electron conducting species, respectively.

Electrochemical oxidation of aqueous SO2 on the electrode surface has also aroused interest in the large-scale hydrogen production processes via a hybrid sulfur cycle which was patented as Westinghouse Process. The electrochemical oxidation of aqueous sulfur dioxide with respect to the hybrid sulfur cycle has recently been reviewed and shown the importance of the mechanism of the oxidation of sulfur dioxide on the electrode surface. Platinum, gold, and carbon materials as electrocatalysts have been reviewed to compare the catalytic activity for SO2 oxidation [16]. The first step in the Westinghouse Process is the dissociation of H2SO4 into SO2 and O2 by thermal cracking at about 1,000 °C ... 

An important factor affecting the performance of DMFCs is the kinetics of catalyst. Platinum (Pt/C) is the most effective catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction but it is not selective towards ORR in presence of methanol. The addition of yttrium to Pt increases the ORR activity and are promising ORR electrocatalyst [207]. Carbon supported PtY(OH)3 hybrid catalyst are developed with dynamic spillover of metal oxide [208]. Recently, catalyst for DMFC Pt Pd/C NP was prepared by the galvanic displacement reaction between Pt and Pd. A simple synthesis strategy was followed to prepare carbon based [209] and carbon-supported Pd nanostructure [190]. A higher methanol tolerance of Pt Pd/C with less Pt content than Pt/C suggests that it is potential alternative cathode electrocatalyst for DMFCs [190]. 

---