Oxidative chemical procedures

The conventional chemical procedure for the oxidation of toluenes to the corresponding aldehydes according to the following equation produces 302 kg MnS04 and uses up to 196 kg of sulfuric acid plus about 20% waste originating from the technical manganese dioxide consumed which in fact is a mixture of Mn(IY) and Mn(III) [145],... 

Adverse oxidation of membrane occurs at higher concentrations of oxidizers such as chlorine, ozone and hydrogen peroxide. The chemicals are important for slime control, and rather high concentrations of the chemicals are dosed for sterilization of RO feed system, especially in cases of ultrapure water system, and of waste water treatment system. The evaluation of membrane durability against oxidizing chemicals informs us the proper procedures for RO maintenance. 

The temperatures and the length of the reduction and oxidation time are optimized and carefully controlled. To achieve good dispersibility and good orientability, surfaces of the particles are modified by chemical procedures after or prior to the reduction. The y-ferric oxide particles on the market are 0.2-0.5 p.m in length with aspect ratios of about 10. An electron micrograph of typical y-ferric oxide particles is shown in Figure 13.1.5. 

Methods for the chemical synthesis of glycuronic acids include (i) reduction of the monolactones of aldaric acids, (ii) oxidation of the primary alcoholic group of aldose derivatives, (iii) oxidative degradation procedures, (iv) chain-extension reactions on dialdoses, and (v) epimerization reactions. 

This is the exposure of certain plastic surfaces to a solution of reactive chemical compounds. Solutions are oxidizing chemicals, such as sulfuric and chromic acids, or metallic sodium in naphthalene and tetra-hydydrofuran solutions. Such solutions are highly corrosive thus, require special handling and disposal procedures. This treatment causes a chemical surface change, such as oxidation, thereby improving surface... 

Purification steps are often performed which may consist of controlled oxidation, chemical treatment, filtration and other procedures, each with their advantages and disadvantages. 

The preparation of 2-aminopyrazine 1-oxides from a-amino nitriles and a-hydroxyiminocarbonyl compounds has been described in Section Ill.l (92, 93, 103, 377, 524-542). Armarego and Schou (1255) utilized known chemical procedures (531, 532) and prepared 2namino-6-deuterio-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-(partial)-trideuteriomethylpyrazine 1-oxide and 2-amino-3-cyano-6-deuterio-5-trideuterio-methylpyrazine 1-oxide. 

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