Oxidation reactions carbon-hydrogen activation

Heterogeneous catalysis is activated when the catalyst slides against itself or other materials, e.g. ceramics. Oxidation reactions of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane were demonstrated as being enhanced by rubbing platinum, palladium and silver, respectively [29-31], and the reduction of carbon dioxide is enhanced by the rubbing of iron oxide [32],... 

The dangerous reactions of alcohols, apart from the ones that involve the carbon chain, are linked either to the exothermicity of the reactions whose consequences are often aggravated by poor temperature monitoring, or the instability of the intermediate or final compounds formed. The first case often happens with oxidation reactions, the second especially with substitutions of active hydrogen or hydroxyl. Nitric acid will be the subject of special consideration since it can have both characters, without knowing which one played a role during accidents that have involved this compound. 

XOD is one of the most complex flavoproteins and is composed of two identical and catalytically independent subunits each subunit contains one molybdenium center, two iron sulfur centers, and flavine adenine dinucleotide. The enzyme activity is due to a complicated interaction of FAD, molybdenium, iron, and labile sulfur moieties at or near the active site [260], It can be used to detect xanthine and hypoxanthine by immobilizing xanthine oxidase on a glassy carbon paste electrode [261], The elements are based on the chronoamperometric monitoring of the current that occurs due to the oxidation of the hydrogen peroxide which liberates during the enzymatic reaction. The biosensor showed linear dependence in the concentration range between 5.0 X 10 7 and 4.0 X 10-5M for xanthine and 2.0 X 10 5 and 8.0 X 10 5M for hypoxanthine, respectively. The detection limit values were estimated as 1.0 X 10 7 M for xanthine and 5.3 X 10-6M for hypoxanthine, respectively. Li used DNA to embed xanthine oxidase and obtained the electrochemical response of FAD and molybdenum center of xanthine oxidase [262], Moreover, the enzyme keeps its native catalytic activity to hypoxanthine in the DNA film. So the biosensor for hypoxanthine can be based on... 

Organometals and metal hydrides as electron donors in addition reactions 245 Oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds 253 Electron-transfer activation in cycloaddition reactions 264 Osmylation of arene donors 270... 

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