Overview of the modeling approach

The mean thrust T produced by the tail can be evaluated as [Lighthill (1970)] 

The main task is then to find and at zl,, given a voltage input V t) to the IPMC actuator. In the following subsections, we will derive the 

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SOFC modelling, be it electrochemical or mechanical, is multiscale. The knowledge gained at the microscale must be implemented at the stack macroscale, through homogenisation techniques or combined homogenisation/localisation procedures, for instance. This is currently seldom achieved in thermo-electro-chemical models [47] and almost never applied to mechanical aspects. Therefore, a quick overview of the modelling approaches at the smaller scale is worthwhile. 

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