Overall homogeneous

A solid solution is a solid mixture of one or more compounds within a solvent of another solid crystalline compound. For the mixture to be considered a solid solution the crystal structure of the solvent must remain essentially unchanged upon the addition of the solute (s) and the whole mixture must remain as a single homogeneous phase. We can distinguish two types of inclusion within the solvent crystal substitutional in which the solute molecule replaces a solvent molecule in the lattice, or interstitial in which the solute molecule fits into a space in between solvent particles. The properties of the solvent material are affected by the formation of solid solutions because the process results in distortions in the crystal lattice and disrupts the overall homogeneity of the host material. 

The liquid phase is dilute solution of Na2S04 in water. This can be characterized as a binary electrolyte with no homogenous reactions taking place in the electrolyte fluid. In the alkaline solution overall homogenous reaction for hydrogen evolution at the cathode can be characterized as ... 

An overall homogeneous chemical reaction takes place in the catalytic bed of the porous reactor. We assume a simple first-order reaction with two reactants A and B, which results in a product C written as... 

An important feature of the cellulose-polymer composites is the degree of dispersion of the fibers in the matrix and the overall homogeneity of the composite structure. Prehydrolytic treatment caused a highly significant improvement in this respect. This has to do primarily with the reduction of particle size of cellulose during hydrolysis. Figure 5 illustrates that the average size of the cellulose content is considerably reduced by 2 hours of hydrolytic treatment with formic acid in gas phase. Processability, measured by melt viscosity, is dramatically improved by hydrolysis. 

In kidney with predominant WT, the additional NRs are more accurately depicted with CT or MRI (sensitivity 57% and 67%, respectively) than with US (sensitivity 6%). The most reliable criterion to differentiate NRs from WT is their overall homogeneity (Rohrschneider et al. 1998). However, the differentiation between small WT and NRs cannot rely on imaging only (Fig. 24.7). Therefore, the term bilateral disease should preferably be used instead of bilateral tumors in imaging reports. 

Distillation is by far the most commonly used method for the separation of homogeneous fluid mixtures. No attempt should be made to optimize pressure, reflux ratio, or feed condition of distillation in the early stages of design. The optimal values will almost certainly change later once heat integration with the overall process is considered. 

A system of interest may be macroscopically homogeneous or inliomogeneous. The inliomogeneity may arise on account of interfaces between coexisting phases in a system or due to the system s finite size and proximity to its external surface. Near the surfaces and interfaces, the system s translational synnnetry is broken this has important consequences. The spatial structure of an inliomogeneous system is its average equilibrium property and has to be incorporated in the overall theoretical stnicture, in order to study spatio-temporal correlations due to themial fluctuations around an inliomogeneous spatial profile. This is also illustrated in section A3.3.2. 

An example of heterogeneous-azeotrope formation is shown in Fig. 13-13 for the water-normal butanol system at 101.3 kPa. At liquid compositions between 0 and 3 mole percent butanol and between 40 and 100 mole percent butanol, the liquid phase is homogeneous. Phase sphtting into two separate liquid phases (one with 3 mole percent butanol and the other with 40 mole percent butanol) occurs for any overall hquid composition between 3 and 40 mole percent butanol. A miuimum-boihug heterogeneous azeotrope occurs at 92°C (198°F) when the vapor composition and the over l composition of the two liquid phases are 75 mole percent butanol. 

When proeessing is eontrolled by heat transfer variables, a log mean temperature differenee (ATLj. j.p) and heat transfer surfaee area will predominate over the agitation variables. Provided it is suffieient to give a homogeneous proeess fluid temperature, inereased agitation ean only reduee the inside film resistanee, whieh is one of a number of resistanees that determines the overall heat transfer eoeffieient. 

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