Ottomans

That s for my master to decide, I said, although I knew that Jacopo himself had been lying to me like an Ottoman camel trader. 

CircospettoTpopvlav nickname for the chief secretary to the Council of Ten clarissimo most illustrious, form of address for a nobleman Constantinoplethe capital of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire, now Istanbul cortigiana onestaa courtesan trained in art, music, literature, etc. 

The Crusaders, the spice trade and the rise of the Ottoman Empire In 1095, the first Christian crusade against Islam was larmched. There were many motives for participation in the crusades, not all religious. Although Pope Urban preached the radical doctrine of fighting a holy war, some were motivated more by mammon. As the first Crusaders gathered in Byzantium to larmch their assault south, some Venetian merchants were well aware of the fact that their traditional spice trade routes were already under threat from Islamic military and commercial competition, so aiding an army that... 

Figure 2.4. During the period when the Ottoman Empire controlled the spice routes leading to Europe, it was noted for its flourishing arts, science, medicine and sophisticated culture.

Coffee—the Ottoman s favourite stimulant becomes the world s most important NP-rich drink... 

Figure 2.6. The coffee shop, as a place to enjoy social interactions and to benefit from business deals (at least for males), began in the Ottoman Empire and was adopted throughout the rest of the world. It is a rare high street in any city that does not now have at least one coffee shop.

How do we explain this difference from the fate of empires in Europe It was the task of nationalism to invent the new nation-states for the post-1945 world, but was this nationalism a different beast altogether from that of Europe Could we imagine nationalism in Europe sanctifying the multi-ethnic borders created by the Hapsburgs, Romanovs and Ottomans, as we do in Asia for the empires of British, Dutch, Spanish, French and Manchus If Asian nation-states were to perform this transformation from the immense variety and antiquity of their ethnic, political and civilisational forms, without fragmenting the leviathans of imperial construction, they would require a kind of magic—the imperial alchemy of my title. The base metal of empire would have to be transmuted into the gold of nationhood. 

Constantinoplecapital of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire, now Istanbul comothe distinctive cap worn by the doge... 

The First World War saw the break-up of empires including the Ottoman Empire whose capital Constantinople became Istanbul. Out of the remnants of that empire a series of artificial states were created which arbitrarily divided up and threw together various peoples. Under League of Nations mandates, France acquired Syria and Lebanon and Britain procured Palestine, Jordan and Iraq. 

In the late twelfth to early thirteenth centuries, the Ottoman Empire became established on the Pontus coast and until the end of the seventeenth century the sea was often called the Turkish Lake , as all other Circum-Black Sea territories belonged to the Ottoman Empire. 

In 1706 the Description of the Black Sea was published. It was prepared by RA. Tolstoy, the first permanent ambassador in Russian history in the Ottoman Empire [2]. 

Tolstoy PA (2006) Description of the Black Sea, Aegean Archipelago and Ottoman Fleet. Vostochnaya Literatura, Moscow (in Russian)... 

Magnan A, Ottoman A, Garbe L, Amaud A, ManeUi JC. Detresse respiratoire chez une heroinomane seropositive pour le virus de I immunodeficience humaine. [Respiratory failure in a HIV seropositive heroin addict female.] Aim Fr Anesth Reanim 1991 10(l) 74-6. 

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