Other Types of Ionizing Radiation

High-energy beams involving the above particles are created in particle accelerators, in which a charged particle is drawn forward by an electro-sfafic field wifh a charge opposite that of the particle (like charges repel one another, opposites attract) as the particle passes the source of each field, the charge of fhe field is reversed so that the particle is now pushed onto another field source. 

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The other types of ionizing radiation mentioned above are also used in processing of polymeric systems, but not as frequently as electron beams and mainly for specialized applications. 

Neutral species represent the majority of particles desorbed during electron stimulated desorption (ESD) experiments from solid surfaces or other desorption experiments with other types of ionizing radiation (Eeulner and Menzel 1995). However, the study of emission of these species has received little interest compared to charged particles. The comparative scarcity of information on this subject reflects both the difficulties in measuring the neutral species and the number and complexity of desorption mechanisms (Bazin et al. 2010). In fact, the origins of the neutral species are multiple DEA, electron-hole pair recombination, dipolar excitations, and multihole final states with or without recombination of different particles (Kimmel et al. 1994). Neutral species can also be produced by direct electronic excitation of a molecule to a repulsive state leading to electronic excitation dissociation (EED) (Eigure 16.3). 

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