Other Oxidizer Compounds

Fertilizer with not more than 0.4% combustible material—2071 

Commercial-grade ammonium nitrate, an oxidizer used to make blasting agents. 

Ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2S04, an ammonium compound, is a brownish-gray to white crystal. Ammonium sulfate is soluble in water and is nonflammable. This compound is an oxidizer with a specific gravity of 1.77, which is heavier than water. The primary uses are in fertilizers, water treatment, fermentation, fireproofing compositions, and as a food additive. 

Ammonium nitrate fertilizer can be made resistant to flame and detonation by an exclusive process involving the addition of 5 to 10% ammonium phosphate. 

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Zirconium occurs naturally as a siUcate in zircon [1490-68-2] the oxide baddeleyite [12036-23-6] and in other oxide compounds. Zircon is an almost ubiquitous mineral, occurring ia granular limestone, gneiss, syenite, granite, sandstone, and many other minerals, albeit in small proportion, so that zircon is widely distributed in the earth s cmst. The average concentration of zirconium ia the earth s cmst is estimated at 220 ppm, about the same abundance as barium (250 ppm) and chromium (200 ppm) (2). 

As mentioned above in the intermetallic Section, beta-tungsten, which is chemically WsO, is the prototype of the A-15 structure. The interest in WsO, or Ws01 x, is not only structural but is also based on the fact that this material is superconducting Further surprising is that, for the first time, this oxide superconductor has a higher transition temperature than that of the metal itself. Pure tungsten metal has a Tc of 15.4 mK, whereas the oxide WsO has a reported Tc of 3.35 K. Other oxide compounds such as CrsO and "MosO", which are isostructural with WsO, do not superconduct above 1.02 K. 

The vast majority of mitochondria use oxygen as a terminal acceptor of electrons. Along with aerobically respiring mitochondria, versatile mitochondria exist in which both oxygen and other oxidized compounds, e.g. fumarate and nitrate, serve as electron acceptors. Such sophisticated mitochondria were reported in several ciliates, fungi, and even lower animals (Tielens et al. 2002). The yield of ATP is, however, much lower in the cases of anaerobic respiration, as compared with 32-36 mol per mole of glucose produced by aerobic respiration (Saraste 1999). 

The history of mesoporous material synthesis is unintentionally or intentionally duplicating the development of zeolites and microporous molecular sieve. It starts from silicate and aluminosilicate, through heteroatom substitution, to other oxide compounds and sulfides. It is worth mentioning that many unavailable compositions for zeolite (e.g., certain transition metal oxides, even pure metals and carbon) can be made in mesoporous material form. 

Various bipyridines are also formed during tobacco fermentation [Erankenburg and Gottscho (1223)]. As much as 3% of the nicotine originally present in cigar tobacco was converted to 2,3 -bipyidine and other oxidative compounds (3973). 

The first step (current-less reduction at a hydrogen (WC-catalyzed electrode) is a prereduction of iron (Fe +) as iron can only be efficiently deposited from the Fe2+ oxydation state. In this step also other oxidizing compounds (e.g. nitrate) are removed. 

Other oxidizing compounds, such as quinone, chloramine T, and nitrite, can be amplified in a similar way with an amplification factor of 6, or 36 when a two-step cyclic reaction is carried out. 

Photo smog Air pollution caused by ozone and other oxidizing compounds, which are formed in ambient air from the ozone precursors under the influence of sunlight. 

The type of cathodic reaction depends on the pH of the solution, the presence or absence of oxygen, and the nature of other oxidizing compounds such as present CO2. In the pH region of 4 till 10, the rate of oxygen diffusion to a surface controls the corrosion rate of iron. Thus, in this very pH range, only very low corrosion rates would be observed in the absence of oxygen. In this case, the cathodic reaction rate also controls the rate of anodic reactions, as both must be balanced in order to preserve electroneutrality. 

Nitrates and chlorates (and probably other oxidizing compounds) may be reduced and thus rendered harmless by evaporating with hydrazine sulfate. Fluorides can be removed by evaporation with silica and sulfuric acid (volatilization of Sip4). 

Benzidine acetate is oxidized by soluble ferricyanides, with formation of insoluble blue meri-quinoid compounds (see page 283). This redox reaction permits the detection of ferricyanides in the absence of other oxidizing compounds (chromates, peroxo-compounds, etc.). The test can also be used in the presence of ferrocyanides. However, it should be noted that the benzidine salt of ferrocyanic acid separates as a white precipitate, similar to benzidine sulfate. More reagent is consumed, and the detection of very small amounts of ferricyanide is rendered more difficult. To detect very small amounts of ferricyanide in the presence of large amounts of ferrocyanide, it is necessary to add sufficient lead salt to precipitate lead ferrocyanide ferricyanides remain in solution. Addition of benzidine, then causes the white Pb2[Fe(CN)e] to turn blue, because of the formation and adsorption of benzidine blue. 

This test for osmium and ruthenium is decisive in the absence of other oxidizing compounds and colored ions. 

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