Orthogonal combination

A variety of orthogonal combinations of protecting groups is available for the synthesis of monocyclic peptides on resin i339 343 They must satisfy an additional level of selectivity that is required upon assembly of the fully protected peptide on resin, which enables the subsequent regioselective chemistry to be performed at the functionalities involved in the cyclization reaction while the substrate is still bound to the resin and protected at all residual functions. 

It only remains to construct the doublet states which are orthogonal to these quartet states. Recall that the orthogonal combinations for systems having three equal components (for... 

Finally, gel filtration is most often considered an appropriate polishing method when the target antibody is already pure and the only impurities are foreign protein traces or fragments or aggregates that must be eliminated. In this context, separation processes for antibody purification are logical orthogonal combinations of methods. 

Figure 3.24 Deconvolution of the same symmetry components of the motion analysis displayed in Figure 3.34 into orthogonal combinations of the local vectors which distinguish pure vibrations from pure translations.

In the downstream arena, process trains with the orthogonal combination of predeveloped generic modules are state of the art. Basic principles such as the Capturing-Intermediate Purification-PoHshing... 

For the clearance of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, today s requirements ask for an orthogonal combination of methods that are based on the different physical principles of removal and inactivation, and are complementary to each other [165]. Virus filtration and solvent/de-tergent treatment are state of the art for removal and inactivation [166, 167]. Partitioning steps are considered less robust, as they are somewhat influenced by the actual process conditions. In any case, scaled-down models must be designed... 

The experiment gave two kinds of information, useful in scaling up. Firstly optimum levels could be found for each apparatus. For example, more liquid (compared with the powder mass) was needed for the smaller Turbosphere than the large. It may be possible to extrapolate this finding to other formulations. Secondly, general characteristics of the different mixers could be established, in terms of the principal components. (This method, deriving orthogonal combinations of the responses, and the whole subject of multi-response data analysis is outside the scope of this book.)... 

These six geometrically identical AOs evidently have the same energy as long as the quadrupolar field is vanishingly small, but only five of them can be independent. We can get rid of the redundancy by taking orthogonal combinations of two of them, conventionally those shown in a and b of Fig. 2.10. The symmetry properties of the orbitals are the same as those of their indices, so we simply combine the latter ... 

It is not difficult to show that this combination is simply There must be an orthogonal combination of 61 and 05 and this is... 

Common approaches to minimize these problems include extensive separation before mass spectrometric analysis. Typical separation protocols consist of an orthogonal combination of affinity chromatography, 2-DE, lEX, HPLC, and ion mobility techniques. If these steps can reduce the sample complexity to a single component, the signal from the separation method (e.g., chromatographic peak area) can be used for quantitation. Frequently this is not achievable or verifiable. Relative quantitation in these instances can be performed by stable isotope labeling methods. 

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