Organotins hydrogen halides

Organotin halides can also be obtained from oxides or hydroxides on reaction with hydrogen halides (or ammonium halides) (equation 61) and from tin-tin bonded species on reaction with halogens (equation 62). 

Trimethyltin chloride and other organotin halides react with water to produce hydrogen halides. Organotin hydrides react with water to produce hydrogen gas, which is flammable and explosive. 

Another type of divalent organotin n complex has been reported by Noltes et al. (228,229). The cyclopentadienyltin halides LXIXa,b precipitate upon mixing concentrated THF solutions of stannocene with the tin dihalides [Eq. (38)]. The complex LXIXa can also be obtained by the reaction of LXVIIIa with hydrogen chloride in THF [Eq. (39)] (228). Similarly, the pentamethylcyclopentadienyltin compounds LXIXc,d have been prepared from decamethylstannocene LXVIIIc and the appropriate carboxylic acid [Eq. (40)] (230). 

Organotin hydrides are advantageous as reductants in terms of their facile availability, stability, and reactivity. - Almost all tin hydrides are liquids, and stoichiometric tin-hydrogen bonds can be used. In general, the tin hydride reductions have been performed under radical conditions using initiators such as azobisisobutyroni-trile (AIBN), triethylborane, and UV irradiation. The reduction of organic halides and pseudohalides by tri- -... 

Cellulose can be modified with organostannane chlorides, such as dibutyl or triphenyl derivatives [91,92], or with organotin halides in the presence of bisethylenediamine copper(II) hydroxide [93]. Epoxy-activated cellulose was prepared by reacting cellulose acetate fibers with sodium methoxide, followed by reacting it with epichlorohydrin in DMSO. This epoxy-activated cellulose has proved to be a useful intermediate to react with substances containing active hydrogen, such as amine, amino acid, or carboxylic acids [94], as shown in Fig. 3. Epoxidized cellulose has also been converted to a thiol derivative via reduction of a thiosulfate intermediate [95], and sulfoethylcellu-[ose has been obtained from sodium chloroethanesulfonate [96]. Cellulose... 

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