Organophosphorus nerve agent exposure

Read, R.W., Riches, J.R., Stevens, J.A., et al., 2010. Biomarkers of organophosphorus nerve agent exposure comparison of phosphylated butyrylcholinester-ase and phosphylated albumin after oxime therapy. Arch. Toxicol. 84, 25-36. Recommended Operating Procedures for Sampling and Analyses in the Verification of Chemical Disarmament. Rautio, M. (Ed.), 1994. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki. 

The rate of detoxification of organophosphorus nerve agents by the body is very low. Exposures are essentially cumulative. 

Williams, N.H., Harrison, J.M., Read, R.W., Black, R.M. (2007). Phosphylated tyrosine in alhumin as a hiomarker of exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents. Arch. Toxicol. 81 627-39. 

Brown, M.A., Kelley, A.B. (1998). Review of health consequences from high-, intermediate- and low-level exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents. J. Appl. Toxicol. 18 393-408. 

Britt, J.O., Jr., Martin, J.L., Okerberg, C.V., Dick, E.J., Jr., (2000). Histopathologic changes in the hrain, heart, and skeletal muscle of rhesus macaques, ten days after exposure to soman (an organophosphorus nerve agent). Comp. Med. 50 133-9. Carmeliet, E., Vereecke, J. (2002). Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. 

Holland, K.E., Solano, M.I., Johnson, R.C., Maggio, V.L., Barr, J.R. (2008). Modifications to the organophosphorus nerve agent-protein adduct refluoridation method for retrospective analysis of nerve agent exposures. J. Anal. Toxicol. 32(1) 116-24. 

Atchison, C.R., Sheridan, R.E., Duniho, S.M. and Shih, T.-M. 2004. Development of a guinea pig model for low-dose, long-term exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents. Toxicol. Mech. Methods, 14 183-194. 

Willems JL, Nicaise M, DeBisschop HC Delayed neuropathy by the organophosphorus nerve agents soman and tabun. Arch Toxicol 55 76-77, 1984 Xintaras C, Burg JR, Tanaka S, et al NIOSH Health Survey of Velsicol Pesticide Workers Occupational Exposure to Leptophos and Other Chemicals. Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1978 Zwiener RJ, Ginsburg CM Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in infants and children. Pediatrics 81 121-126, 1988... 

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