Organo halides

Electrochemical reduction of organo halides is a convenient alternative to... 

EPA. 1992b. Method 1656 the determination of organo-halide pesticides in municipal and industrial wastewater. In Methods for the determination of nonconventional pesticides in municipal and industrial wastewater. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA821 RR-92-002. Pp 637-677. 

The substitution of chlorine in organo halides by hydrogen fluoride has proven to be successful in the presence of aluminum trifluoride. The yields are high, the conversion rate is good, and the selectivity mostly high with low formation of byproducts (see Table 1 for examples). 

Alterman, M. and Hallberg, A., Fast microwave-assisted preparation of aryl and vinyl nitriles and the corresponding tetrazoles from organo-halides, /. Org. Chem., 2000, 65, 7984-7989. 

Baizer, M.M. and Wagenknecht, J.H. (1973) Electrolytic preparation of esters from organo halides. (Monsanto Co., USA) US Patent 3764492 19731009 Application US 72-216721 19720110. 

Use of Halide Ions to Improve Selectivity. Earlier work has claimed that enhanced selectivities for alkene oxidation can be achieved by the inclusion of electronegative elements such as S, Se, or halogens. This has been reviewed elsewhere. " More recent work has demonstrated substantial improvements in selectivity for propene (25—70%) and isobutene (35—80%) oxidation when either chloride or bromide is present. Both elements are added to the catalyst in the form of trace levels of organo-halide in the process gas stream. The selectivity increase is the result of a decrease in the rate of complete oxidation rather than an increase in the partial oxidation rate. Since the reaction is first order in oxygen pressure and zero order with respect to alkene in the presence and absence of halide, the reaction mechanism is probably similar in both cases. In the light of Anshits recent work, the effect of the halide is presumably to reduce the relative number and/or reactivity of surface lattice oxygen species and thus reduce the amount of irreversibly adsorbed alkene. 

Gurtner C, Wun AW, Sailor MJ (1999) Surface modification of porous silicon by electrochemical reduction of organo halides. Angew Chem hit Ed 38 1966-1967... 

The palladium catalyzed reaction between a terminal alkyne and an unsaturated organo-halide or organotriflate in the presence of Cul and a tertiary organic amine is the... 

Korshin G. V., Benjamin M.M., Sletten R.S. (1997a), Adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) on iron oxide effects on NOM composition and formation of organo-halide compounds during chlorination. Water Research, 31, 7,1643-1650. 

Bellar, T. L., J. J. Lichtenberg, and R. C. Kroner. 1974. The occurrence of organo-halides in chlorinated drinking water. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 66 703-706. 

Basic lithium species as intermediates are avoided by direct zincation of an organo halide. It has been claimed that metaUation in the 3-position in indoles is best effected by oxidative addition of zinc to a 3-iodide (Scheme 8). In the formation of the metallated species 12 from 3-iodo-A-benzenesulfonylindole, no rearrangement to the 2-isomer was... 

Organo halide Process parameters RMgCI yield... 

Table 2.1 Nickel-catalyzed carbonylation of organo halides...

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