Organizing by Function

In this section, the oxidation pathways are organized by functional groups analogous to the organization of most organic chemistry textbooks thus making it easier to find what oxidative metabolic pathway would be expected at a specific site on a drug molecule. 

Recent progress on the use of hypervalent iodine reagents for the construction of carbon-het-eroatom (N, O, P, S, Se, Te, X) bonds is reviewed. Reactions of aryl-A3-iodanes with organic substrates are considered first and are loosely organized by functional group, separate sections being devoted to carbon-azide and carbon-fluorine bond formation. Arylations and alkenyla-tions of nucleophilic species with diaryliodonium and alkenyl(aryl)iodonium salts, and a variety of transformations of alkynyl(aryl)iodonium salts with heteroatom nucleophiles are then detailed. Finally, the use of sulfonyliminoiodanes as aziridination and amidation reagents, and reactions of iodonium enolates formally derived from monoketones are summarized. 

It may seem there are too many numbers to memorize in infrared spectroscopy. Hundreds of characteristic absorptions for different kinds of compounds are listed in Appendix 2. Please glance at Appendix 2, and note that Appendix 2A is organized visually, while Appendix 2B is organized by functional groups. For everyday use, we can get by with only a few stretching frequencies, shown in Table 12-2. When using this table, remember... 

After consulting these three single-volume references, one would turn to more comprehensive multivolume sources such as the Dictionary of Organic Compounds, Fifth Edition. This dictionary, still known as Heilbron, the name of its former editor, now comprises seven volumes of specific information, with primary literature references, on the synthesis, reactions, and derivatives of more than 50,000 compounds. Rodd s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, another valuable multivolume work with primary literature references, is organized by functional group rather than in dictionary form. Elsevier s Encyclopedia of Organic Compounds in about twenty volumes is an incomplete reference work on the chemical and physical properties of compounds. It is useful for those areas it covers. References to Elsevier are found in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 

Due to the complexity of the analysis, we divide the analysis in three parts. Firstly, we perform a high level analysis to determine the items that can he used to compute the value Pp. These items depend on other factors, which are also analyzed. One of the factors in the dependency list is the signal at point A of Figure 2. The factors that influence the signal at point A are the object of a second analysis. Finally, all the factors are organized by functional blocks of Figure 2. Additionally, we identify which factors are specified by the norms which are subject to design decisions and which are uncontrolled factors. 

Job shop—An organization in which similar equipment is organized by function. Each job follows a distinct routing through the shop. 

The reactions to produce volatile derivatives can be classified as silylation, acylation, alkylation, and coordination complexation. Examples of the first three types are included in Table 10.1 which is organized by functional groups including carboxylic acid, hydroxyl, amine, and carbonyl. Amines require special consideration even if they are volatile. Their strong tendency to hydrogen-bond often makes it difficult to elute them from a GC column. Consequently, amines often have to be derivatized whether they are volatile or not. A review of this subject has appeared recently [29]. 

In this chapter, all of the major functional groups in organic chemistry that you might reasonably be expected to encounter are represented. While you could choose to attempt to memorize them all now, their presentation here is not (necessarily) for that purpose but rather to provide you with a feeling for the diversity and richness of the banquet you have yet to enjoy and to introduce you to organization by functional group. 

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