Organic solvents properties

All the poly glycols are soluble in water and are miscible with many waxes, gums, oils, starches and organic solvents. Properties of various poly glycols are given on pp 181 to 185 of Ref 13... 

Smallwood, I. M. (1996). Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties. Wiley, New York. 

Campanella, L. Favero, G. Sammartino, M. P. Tomassetti, M., Further development of catalase, tyrosinase and glucose oxidase based organic phase enzyme electrode response as a function of organic solvent properties, Talanta 1998, 46, 595-606... 

Riddick JA, Bunger WB, Sakano TK (1970) Organic solvents Properties and methods of purification. In Weissburger (ed.) Techniques of Chemistry, 4th edn., vol. II. New York Wiley-Interscience. 

Nonaqueous titrations are frequently desirable or required because of the increased sensitivity, improved selectivity, or greater solubility achieved with nonaqueous solvents. A far greater number of acids and bases can be determined in nonaqueous solvents than in aqueous media. This is primarily true because of the numerous organic acids and bases that require organic solvents. Properties such as dissolving or solvating, diffusion or equilibrium constants, acidity or basicity, and dielectric constant or polarity extend the capability of titrimetry to a far wider range when nonaqueous solvents are used. 

The species at the centre of tire rings is usually Si or Ge and tire bridging atom is oxygen. In one study tire peripheral hydrogens on tire phtlialocyanine molecules were replaced by alkyl groups and tire resulting polymers could be rendered soluble in ordinary organic solvents [108, 109 and 110]. Successful deposition of several of tliese materials has been achieved and different techniques were employed to study tlieir stmctural properties [109, ill, ill, ill and 1141. 

The lower members in Group II form essentially ionic halides, with magnesium having intermediate properties, and both magnesium bromide and iodide dissolve in organic solvents. 

Mono- and di saccharides are colourless solids or sjrrupy liquids, which are freely soluble in water, practically insoluble in ether and other organic solvents, and neutral in reaction. Polysaccharides possess similar properties, but are generally insoluble in water because of their high molecular weights. Both poly- and di-saccharides are converted into monosaccharides upon hydrolysis. 

Solvents exert their influence on organic reactions through a complicated mixture of all possible types of noncovalent interactions. Chemists have tried to unravel this entanglement and, ideally, want to assess the relative importance of all interactions separately. In a typical approach, a property of a reaction (e.g. its rate or selectivity) is measured in a laige number of different solvents. All these solvents have unique characteristics, quantified by their physical properties (i.e. refractive index, dielectric constant) or empirical parameters (e.g. ET(30)-value, AN). Linear correlations between a reaction property and one or more of these solvent properties (Linear Free Energy Relationships - LFER) reveal which noncovalent interactions are of major importance. The major drawback of this approach lies in the fact that the solvent parameters are often not independent. Alternatively, theoretical models and computer simulations can provide valuable information. Both methods have been applied successfully in studies of the solvent effects on Diels-Alder reactions. 

At one time benzene was widely used as a solvent This use virtually disappeared when statistical studies revealed an increased incidence of leukemia among workers exposed to atmospheric levels of benzene as low as 1 ppm Toluene has replaced benzene as an inexpensive organic solvent because it has similar solvent properties but has not been determined to be carcinogenic m the cell systems and at the dose levels that benzene is... 

The physical properties of a typical amino acid such as glycine suggest that it is a very polar substance much more polar than would be expected on the basis of its formula tion as H2NCH2CO2H Glycine is a crystalline solid it does not melt but on being heated It eventually decomposes at 233°C It is very soluble m water but practically insoluble m nonpolar organic solvents These properties are attributed to the fact that the stable form of glycine is a zwittenon, or inner salt... 

The HCl by-product of the amidation reaction is neutralized by also dissolving an inorganic base in the aqueous layer in interfacial polymerization. The choice of the organic solvent plays a role in determining the properties of the polymer produced, probably because of differences in solvent goodness for the resulting polymer. Since this reaction is carried out at low temperatures, the complications associated with side reactions can be kept to a minimum. 

Physical Properties. Furfural [98-01-1] (2-furancarboxaldehyde), when freshly distilled, is a colorless Hquid with a pungent, aromatic odor reminiscent of almonds. It darkens appreciably on exposure to air or on extended storage. Furfural is miscible with most of the common organic solvents, but only slightly miscible with saturated aHphatic hydrocarbons. Inorganic compounds, generally, are quite insoluble in furfural. 

Physical Properties. Furfuryl alcohol (2-furanmethanol) [98-00-0] is aHquid, colorless, primary alcohol with a mild odor. On exposure to air, it gradually darkens in color. Furfuryl alcohol is completely miscible with water, alcohol, ether, acetone, and ethyl acetate, and most other organic solvents with the exception of paraffinic hydrocarbons. It is an exceUent, highly polar solvent, and dissolves many resins. 

Physical Properties. Furan, a colorless Hquid with a strong ethereal odor, is low-boiling and highly flammable. It is miscible with most common organic solvents but only very slightly soluble in water. The physical properties of furan are Hsted in Table 1. 

Physical Properties. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (2-tetrahydrofuranmethanol) [97-99-4] (20) is a colorless, high-boiling liquid with a mild, pleasant odor. It is completely miscible with water and common organic solvents. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is an excellent solvent, moderately hydrogen-bonded, essentially nontoxic, biodegradable, and has a low photochemical oxidation potential. Most appHcations make use of its high solvency. The more important physical properties of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol are Hsted in Table 1. 

Ben2onitri1e [100-47-0] C H CN, is a colorless Hquid with a characteristic almondlike odor. Its physical properties are Hsted in Table 10. It is miscible with acetone, ben2ene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethylene chloride, and other common organic solvents but is immiscible with water at ambient temperatures and soluble to ca 1 wt% at 100°C. It distills at atmospheric pressure without decomposition, but slowly discolors in the presence of light. 

The high crystallinity of acetal resins contributes significantly to their excellent resistance to most chemicals, including many organic solvents. Acetal resins retain their properties after exposure to a wide range of chemicals and environments. More detailed data are available (14). 

J. A. Riddick, W. B. Bunger, and T. K. Sakano, "Organic Solvents, Physical Properties, and Methods of Purification," in Techniques of Organic Chemistry, Vol 2, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1986, p. 954. 

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