Organic molecules planarity/symmetry

A review of the older literature on compounds with a stereogenic axis is available22, as are reviews on planar chiral molecular structures 23, on the stereochemistry of twisted double bond systems 24, on helical molecules in organic chemistry 25, and on the synthesis and stereochemistry of chiral organic molecules with high symmetry 26. 

It is clear from table 1 that the it system is destabilized by this perturbation. Nevertheless, the reactivity indices (F, ,) suggest that the molecule should retain sufficient resistance to chemical attack to be isolable. The only caveat to this predic-toni concerns the rehybridization, which makes the ground state atoms of CgQ approach the transition state for reaction (formation of a fourth a bond) much more closely than in normal planar conjugated organic molecules. The molecules is still expected to be stable to a reduction in symmetry, but the bond lengths are now predicted to be 1.418 (6/6-MR) and 1.436A(5/6-MR). 

In the same way as the a, -separation has been performed, one can proceed to a cr, rr-separation.52 This separation has been used to evaluate the aromaticity of organic molecules and clusters. An index of aromaticity was proposed using a scale based on the bifurcation analysis of the ELF constructed from the separated densities. In principle, the total ELF has no information about tt and cr bonds, it depends only on the total density. Hence, the ELF does not show clear differences between both kinds of bonds. However, the topological analysis over separated densities, ones formed by the rr-orbitals and the other ones formed by the cr-orbitals, yields the necessary information.52 Of course, this is possible only for the molecules which present the cr, tt symmetries, i.e. planar molecules. The bifurcation analysis of the news ELFW and ELFCT can be interpreted as a measure of the interaction among the different basins and chemically, as a measure of electron delocalization.45 In this way, the tt and a aromaticity for the set of planar molecules described in the Scheme 1 has been characterized.52... 

Hie canonical MOs of a planar unsaturated organic molecule can be divided into molecular plane is +1 or -1, respectively (Section 15.10). The earliest semiempirical methods for planar conjugated organic compounds (Sections 16.2-16.4) treated the tt electrons separately from the cr electrons. Coulson stated that the justification for the ct-tt separability approximation lies in the different symmetry of the cr and tt orbitals and in the greater polarizability of the tt electrons, which makes them more susceptible to perturbations such as those occurring in chemical reactions. 

STM has also been used to examine the dynamics of potential-dependent ordering of adsorbed molecules [475-478]. For example, the reversible, charge-induced order-disorder transition of a 2-2 bipyridine mono-layer on Au(lll) has been studied [477]. At positive charges, the planar molecule stands vertically on the surface forming polymeric chains. The chains are randomly oriented at low surface charge but at higher potentials organize into a parallel array of chains, which follow the threefold symmetry of the Au(l 11) substrate as shown in Fig. 34. Similar results were found for uracil adsorption on Au(lll) and Au(lOO) [475,476]. 

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