Organic light-emitting devices efficiency

MA Baldo, ME Thomson, and SR Forrest, High-efficiency fluorescent organic light-emitting devices using a phosphorescent sensitizer, Nature, 403 750-753, 2000. 

C. Liao, M. Lee, C. Tsai, and C.H. Chen, Highly efficient blue organic light-emitting devices incorporating a composite hole transport layer, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86 i.d. 203507, 3 pages (2005). 

S. Tokito, T. Iijima, T. Tsuzuki, and F. Sato, High-efficiency white phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices with greenish-blue and red-emitting layers, Appl. Phys. Lett., 83 2459-2461 (2003). 

B.W. D Andrade, M.A. Baldo, C. Adachi, J. Brooks, M.E. Thompson, and S.R. Forrest, High-efficiency yellow double-doped organic light-emitting devices based on phosphor-sensitized fluorescence, Appl. Phys. Lett., 79 1045-1047 (2001). 

M. Ikai, S. Tokito, Y. Sakamoto, T. Suzuki, and Y. Taga, Highly efficient phosphorescence from organic light-emitting devices with an exciton-block layer, Appl. Phys. Lett., 79 156-158 (2001). 

SR Forrest, The road to high efficiency organic light emitting devices, Org. Electron., 4 45-48,2003. 

C Adachi, MA Baldo, ME Thompson, and SR Forrest, Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light emitting device, J. Appl. Phys., 90 5048-5051, 2001. 

C.C. Wu, C.I. Wu, J.C. Sturm, and A. Kahn, Surface modification of indium tin oxide by plasma treatment an effective method to improve the efficiency, brightness, and reliability of organic light emitting devices, Appl. Phys. Lett., 70 1348-1350, 1997. 

M Pfeiffer, SR Forrest, K Leo, and ME Thompson, Electrophosphorescent p-i-n organic light-emitting devices for very-high-efficiency flat-panel displays, Adv. Mater., 14 1633-1636, 2002. 

G.E. Jabbour, S.E. Shaheen, M.M. Morrell, B. Kippelen, N.R. Armstrong, andN. Peyghambarian, Aluminum composite cathodes a new method for the fabrication of efficient and bright organic light-emitting devices, Opt. Photon. News, 10 (4), 24, 1999. 

Ma et al. (4) prepared organic light-emitting devices (OLED) where the organic layer consisted of an iridium derivative having two or three bidentate ligands, (VII), which showed improved stability and efficiency when incorporated into an OLED. 

Tsai et al. (2) determined that blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices consisting of 2,2 -bis(A,A-disubstituted amino)-9,9 -spirobifluorenes, (I), were effective as hole transporting materials and had efficiencies of up to 16%, 30.6 cd/A and 26.7 lm/W. 

Triphenylamine derivatives are known to be efficient hole transport materials and are widely used in organic light-emitting devices. Thelakkat et al. reported the synthesis of a 2,2-bipyridine ligand capped with polyfvinyl-triphenylamine) at both ends.97 The polymer chain was synthesized by the atom transfer radical polymerization of 4-bromostyrene using 4,4-bis (chloromethyl)bipyridine as the initiator (Scheme 18). The bromide groups were then replaced by diphenylamine in the presence of palladium catalyst. Polymer 33 was then obtained by the metalation reaction. 

Poly(acrylic acid-co-butylmethacrylate) functionalized with cyclometalated luminescent complexes, (II), were prepared by Fryd [2] and used as high efficiency organic light-emitting devices. 

Fang, J.F. and Ma, D.G. (2003) Efficient red organic light-emitting devices based on a europium complex. Applied Physics Letter, 83, 4041-4043. 

Zou, L. Savvate ev, V. Booher, J. Kim, C.-H. Shinar, J., Combinatorial fabrication and studies of intense efficient ultraviolet-violet organic light-emitting device arrays, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79, 2282-2284... 

The enormous progress in the field of electroluminescent conjugated polymers has led to performances of organic light-emitting devices (LEDs) that are comparable and in some aspects superior to their inorganic counterparts [1], Quantum efficiencies in excess of 5% have been demonstrated [2] and show that a high fraction of the injected carriers in a polymeric electroluminescence (EL) device form electronic excitations which recombine radiatively. 

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